Effect of Bio,Organic and Nitrogenous Fertilization on The Productivity of Some Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa, L.)

INTRODUCTION

Rice(Oryza sativa, L.) is an important food in the diet of the world Population (FAO, 2004). Half of the worlds population eat rice daily and depend on it as their staple food. Rice occupies conspicuous position in the predominately agricultural economy of Egypt this attention is required to imrove its yield, quality characters and quality of elements nutrition (Chemma, 2004 and Yousef, 2007).

Nitrogen is one of three essential macronutrients for plants growth and yield. So, mineral nitrogen fertilizers are widely used in agriculture all over the world and also in Egypt. Nitrogen fertilizers is applied to meet the needs of the crop during the early growth stages and accumulate in the vegetative parts to be utilized for grain formation (Salem, 2006). Also, nitrogen fertilizers has a vital role in the contents of nitrogen% rice grains and nitrogen uptake by plants (Ebaid and Ghanem, 2000).

The present study was mainly directed to maximize the productivity of some rice cultivars through applying adequate organic fertilizer to reduce the environmental pollution in addition to improving soil chemical and physical properties which leads to improving grain yield and grain quality of rice under North Delta condition Egypt (El- Nory, 2008 and Badr, 2012). Compost is a perfect fertilizer made of natural substances like farm residue and animal manure, which have been through an ageing process. Making compost takes a little time and effect, but it’s wonderful, it improv’s the physical and chemical conditions of paddy soil (El- Ekhtyar, 2007).

Utilization of biological N2 fixation (BNF) can decrease the application of mineral N fertilizer and reducing environmental ranks (Choudhury and Kennedy, 2004). Also, Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in whole plant nutrient balance by aiding in the uptake of limiling nutrients and maintaining the nutrient balance (Ning and Gumming, 2001) using biofertilization or microbial inoculates to replace of increase the efficiency of chemical fertilizer partially or totally in effective in reducing the cost of crop production and maintaining the natural fertility of soil (Radwanet al., 2008 and Tabl, 2014).

The information on role of nitrogen fertilizer levels and bio- organic fertilization as well as their combinations on production of rice are very scanty. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the response of some rice cultivars to nitrogen levels and bio- organic fertilization on yield components and grain yield as well as grain quality under the conditions of Abees region, Alexandria Governorate.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two filed experiments were carried out at the Experimental farm of Faculty of Agric. (Saba Basha) Alexandria University, during the two successive summer seasons of 2013 and 2014. Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and bio- organic fertilization on yield and its components and some grain quality characters of three rice cultivars (Oryza sativa, L.) namely Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 106.

Soil samples of the experimental sites were taken at the depth of (0- 30cm) physical and chemical analyses are presented in Table (1) were don according to Chapman and Pratt (1978) while organic fertilizer analyses were Presented in Table (2).

The compost from solid waste as organic fertilizer was obtained from Abees Factory in the form of fine compost. Organic fertilizer was applied at a rate of 8 ton/fed and inculpated with the soil two weeks before sowing to a depth of 10- 15 cm. the Nursery seedbed was well ploughed and dry leveled- Phosphorus fertilizer in the form of single calcium super phosphate (15.5% P₂O₅) was added at the rate of 240 kg/ha (100 kg/fed) before tillage. Nitrogen in the form of urea (46%N) at the rates of (control 40 kg N, 60 kg N and 80 kg N/fed), was added in two portions.2/3 Basel in dry soil before the first irrigation and 1/3 at panicle initiation. Zinc sulphate (22% Zn) at the rate of 50 kg/ha (20 kg/fed) was added after pudding and before planting. The preceding crop was Egyptian clover (Trifolium olexandrinum, L.) for the two growing seasons. All cultivation practices were done according to the common practices in rice growing.

With A-mycorrhizal fungi with fungi (Glomus maciarpuim) strain an inoculants for rice from plant production Dept. (Saba Basha) Alex. Univ. at a rate of 250ml of infected roots and was mixed with seeds.

The experimental design was split- split plot with three replication. The main plots included three rice cultivars i.e. Giza 178, Sakha 106 and Sakha 104, while the nitrogen fertilizer levels (i.e. control, 40, 60 and 80 kg N/fed) was arranged in the subplots. Bio, organic fertilizers uninoculation, compost and A- Mycorrhizal were allocated to sub sub plots. The plot area was 10.5 m² (3.5m length and 3m width). Rice seeds at the rate of 100 kg/ha were soaked in fresh water for 24 hours then drained and inoculated. For 48 hours to hasten early germination. The pre- germinated seeds were uniformly broadcasted in the nursery on 4^th May in 2013 and 2014 seasons.

Table (1): The physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil   2013 and 2014 seasons

Table (2): Chemical analysis of organic fertilizer (Compost)

Data recorded

1- Yield and its components:

-        Panicle weight (g), number of filled grains/panicle, Number of panicles/m², 1000- grain weight (g), Grain yield (ton)/ha, straw yield ton/ha, biological yield (ton)/ha and harvest index.

2- Grain quality characters:

     Milling characters

Hulling percentage, milling output and head rice percentage were estimated according to the methods reported by Adair (1952).

2-1-   Hilling percentage

About 150g cleaned rough rice samples at moisture content 12- 14% were estimated using experimental huller machine (Satake) at Rice Technology and Training Center, Alexandria.

                                  Brown rice weight

                        Huilling%=                                 × 100

                                  Rough rice weight

2-2-   Milling percentage

Brown rice was consequently milled using milling machine model TMO5 at Rice Technology and Training Center, Alexandria, The milled rice sample was then collected and weighted taken and percentage of total milled rice was calculated by the following equation.

                                Milled rice weight

                        Hilling%=                                 × 100

                                                Rough rice weight

2-3-   Head rice percentage

Whole milled grains were separated from milled rice using rice – sizing device. Then, the percentage on head rice yield was obtained and calculated as follows:

                                                     Whole grain weight

                        Head rice%=                                         × 100

                                                      Rough rice weight 

Statistical analysis:

All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance analysis according to Gomez and Gomez (1984) Treatment means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test (Duncan, 1955). All statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance technique by means of IRRISTAT computer software package.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1-Yield and its components:

Data in Tables (3 and 4) revealed that the differences among the studied rice cultivars in yield components i.e. panicle weight, number of filled grains/panicle, number of panicles/m², 1000- grain weight, grain yield (ton)/ha, straw yield (ton)/ha, biological yield (ton)/ha, harvest index (%) in both seasons were significant. Sakha 104 cultivar significantly surpassed the other cultivars in all yield and its components characters under study. These differences may be due to the genetic differences and the differences in 1000- grain weight might be attributed to the variation in translocation rate of photosunthelic from leaves to the storing organs i.e. the grains. The trends of the obtained results are in good accordance with that reported by many investigators such as Salem (2006), Radwan et al. (2008), Tabl (2008), Abou- Khalifa (2012).

Data in Tables (3 and 4), clear that increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels significantly increased grain, straw biological yield (ton/ha) and harvest index (%) in both seasons. This increase in grain yield could be attributed to the significant increase in panicle weight, number of filled grains/panicle, number of panicles/m² and 1000- grain weight in both seasons. Application of nitrogen fertilizer at level of 60 kg N/fed, gave the highest yield and its components compared to the other levels of application. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer may be attributed to the role of nitrogen in promoting the vegetative growth and moristemic activity during growth. Such finding is in agreement with those of Ebaid and Ghanem (2000), Abou- khalifa (2001), Badawi (2002) and Salem (2006).

With regard to the effect of bio- organic fertilization on rice yield and its components the results are shown in Tables (3 and 4). It could be concluded that inoculation of rice grains with A-mycorrhizal inoculation encourage the increase of panicle weight, number of filled grains/panicles, number of panicles/m², 1000- grain weight, grain straw and biological yield (ton)/ha and Harvest index (%) when compared with the uninoculation (control) in both seasons. This may be due to the effect of A- Mycorrhizal inoculation which plays an important role in the assimilation of rice cultivars that reflected on enhancing this characteristic. Alas, the could be attributed to the role of plant phytohormones like IAA, Gas and CKs which promote plant growth cell division, breaking the aperial dominances, hence encouraging the photosynthesis and assimilator accumulation (El- Khowas, 1990). Similar results were obtained by Radwanet al. (2008), Wijebandara et al. (2009) and Tabl (2014).

It is clear from Tables (3 and 4) that the highest panicle weight, number of panicles/m², 1000- grains weight, grain yield (ton)/ha, biological yield (ton/ha) and harvest index (%) were recorded under the treatment including the combination of Sakha 104 cultivar and applying 60 kg N/fed in 2013 and 2014 seasons.

As for the interaction between rice cultivar and bio- organic fertilization on panicle weight, number of panicles/m², 1000- grain weight, grain and biological yield (ton/ha) as well as harvest index there was significant effect in the two seasons, Table (3 and 4). Sakha 104 cultivar and A- Mycorrhizal inoculation recorded the highest values of three traits.

The interaction between nitrogen fertilizer levels and bio- organic fertilization was significant in the same traits in both seasons, Tables (3 and 4). The highest grain yield (ton)/ha was attend by applying 60 kg N/fed with A- mycorrhizal inoculation. The results in Tables (3 and 4) indicate that the same traits except number of filled grains/panicle was recorded by Sakha 104 cultivar and applying 60 kg N/fed with A- mycorrhizal inoculation in both seasons.

2-Grain quality characters:

It is clear that hulling, milling and head rice percentages of the three tested cultivars varied significantly in both seasons, Table (5).

The highest hulling percentage (83.17%) in the first season. Milling percentage (73.06 and 73.22%) and head rice percentage (66.91 and 65.35%) in both seasons, respectively belonged to Sakha 104 cultivar. These differences may be due to the differences in the genetic structure and its interaction with environmental conditions. Similar differences among rice cultivars in grain quality were reported by El- Ekhtyar (2004).

Obtained results recorded in Table (5) revealed that hulling, milling and head rice percentages in grains were significantly affected by adding nitrogen fertilizer levels. The highest values of all grain quality characters were obtained by 60 kg N/fed compared with check (control). Increase in hulling milling and head rice percentages as a results of increasing of nitrogen levels to up 60 kg N/fed may be due to increasing nutrient availability. Similar results were obtained by Seedek (2001) and El- Hissewyet al. (2005).

Percentages data in Table (5) indicated that of hulling, milling and head rice significantly increased by inoculation of rice grain with A-mycorrhizal inoculation when compared with uninoculation (control) treatment during the two seasons. This may be due to A- mycorrhizal inoculation had favorable effect on grain quality characters via improved growth, escalating photosynthetic rate consequently improving both grain yield and grain quality as shown in Table (5).

Data documented in Table (5) show that the interaction between Sakha 104 cultivar and applying 60 kg N/fed produced the highest values of milling percentage in both seasons. In both seasons of study Sakha 104 cultivar and A-mycorrhizal inoculation was recorded the highest values of milling percentage.

Data in Table (5) reveal that the highest milling percentage were recorded by applying of 60 kg N/fed and the A-mycorrhizal inoculation in both seasons. Also, data in Table (5) reveal that highest values of milling percentage were recorded by Sakha 104 cultivar when it was fertilized with applying 60 kg N/fed and A- mycorrhizal inoculation in both seasons.

From the above mentioned results and under the condition of the present study it, could be concluded that the most economic fertilization treatment for maximum yield and its components of rice Sakha 104 cultivar as well as grain quality character sties in Alexandria are applying 60 kg N/fed with A- mycorrhizal inoculation which hence reduced the cost of production and pollution which could occur by excessive use of chemical fertilizer.