INTRODUCTION Hyperhidrosis is a pathological condition in which Mallet injuries are disturbances of the terminal extensor tendons, from the base of the distal phalanx and they could arise without or with a bony fragmentation.1 This type of disruptions may cause a characteristically flexion deformation of the distal inter phalangeal (DIP) joints2 Fractures of the distal phalanx happens in 25 percent of mallet traumatic injuries. If the injury is accompanied with bony fragments, it'll be defined as a ''Mallet Fracture''.3 These fractures frequently are because of axial loading at the tip of the extended finger as they arise while attempting to capture a ball.4 Researches have proven that traditional management gives adequate outcomes in patients with pure extensor tendons avulsion or fractures avulsion of lesser than one third of the distal phalanx. Some researchers suggested that non-surgical managements of those injuries irrespective of the fragment size of the fracture, the fracture dislocation degree, or the existence of joint subluxation and different recommend surgical interventions for avulsion fracture including greater than one-third of the articular superficial, for permanent subluxation or fragment dislocation that can't be appropriately decreased by complete extension of the DIP joints in splint. They consider that articular inconsistency ultimately will cause symptomatic Arthritis, extensor lagging or deformation and hence suggest effective treatment to repair the joint integrity.5 Many operative strategies for treatment mallet fracture and their complications were defined. Kang et al. concluded that 41% of operative treatment of mallet fracture advanced post-operative complications like recurrent extension delays, permanent nail deformations, skin necrosis, pin track infections and osteomyelitis To reduce those complications, percutaneous techniques have recommended by some researchers.6
The current work aimed to present the outcomes of the extension block fixations procedure that was initially defined by Ishiguro.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Prospective randomized study. The study had been carried out in orthopedic Surgery departments in Al-Azhar University (Cairo). This study had been conducted on 30 patients of both sex and age ranging between 20 and 50-yrs. Inclusion criteria: Participation of greater than 30 percent of articular superficial of the distal phalanx, closed fracture and Disclosure: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article. The Article Processing Charge was paid for by the authors. Authorship: All authors have a substantial contribution to the article.
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fragmentation absence. Exclusion criteria: Open fractures and chronic mallet fingers.
All cases included in the current work were exposed to the next:
Patient's data had been collected from the hospital data and connection with them had been through phone calling and hospitals follow up visits. Patients had been subjected to clinical and radiological examination including:
Detailed history taking including: Cases' ages and sex, occupation, finger affected, time of trauma, mood of trauma, medical comorbidities as (DM, Rheumatoid…etc.) and past history of previous operative procedure
Careful medical examinations: General: pressure of the blood, pulse, cardio-vascular, neurological and respiration evaluation. Local: Inspection: for deformations, oedema, skin conditions, wounds, palpation: for sensitivity and range of motion.
Investigations: Complete blood count (CBC) and I.N.R.
Operative procedure: Afterward the digit was properly anesthetized by a digital block; the DIP joint was extremely stretched. A 0.12 cm K wire was presented beneath fluoroscopic controlling via the extensor tendons at 45o angle into the central phalanx, 0.1-0.2cm dorsal and proximal to the fracture fragments. The wire delivers an extending block for the bony fragments when the DIP joints were stretched. After the fragments have been decreased, another 1.2 mm K wire has been located longitudinally from distal to proximal through the DIP joint to preserve extensions and decrease. The K-wires have been cut and soft covering was applied. A post-operative volar DIP extending splint has been located to support the wire and the finger. The case was recommended to preserve their digits dry. Pin care was maintained with saline solution twice a day. Cases were permitted PIP and MP joints motions post-operatively. No peri-operative anti-biotics were used. The K-wires have been detached afterward 4 to 6-wks after there was radiological confirmation of fracture healing with no local anaesthesia beneath sterile condition as an Out-patient. Apalmar splint was used at night to fix the distal interphalangeal joint for 14-days in average.7
Postoperative caring: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication, antibiotics by oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for 10 days and plain X-ray AP, lateral
Post operation follow up: All patients were tailed for 3-mths postoperatively
Data was collected as regards: Operative time, postoperative hospitalization, and patient satisfaction, early post-operative complication as skin necrosis and pin track infection. Late complications as recurrent extending delays, lasting nail deformation and osteomyelitis.
Administrative considerations: An Official permission was obtained from Al-Azhar University University Hospital. An official permission was obtained from the Orthopedics department.
Data management and Statistical Analysis: The collected data was analyzed via SPSS-20 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). For significance testing (Chi square, Kruskal-Wallis, logistic regression analyzing, Wilcoxon’s, and Spearman’s correlation) tests have been employed. Data were introduced and appropriate test has been made in accordance to the kind of data (parametric and nonparametric). P-value lesser than 0.05 (5%) was taken in to consideration to be significant statistically.
RESULTS
The cases ages ranging from 22 to 50-yrs with mean 44.67-yrs, the mainstream of the cases were men by 60%. (Table 1)
50% of the patients came in less than a week since fracture, 30% of the patients came in the same day of the fracture while 20% of the patients came after a week. (Table 2)
IIB was the predominant classification in 63.3% of the patients, IIC was found in 26.7%, IB was found in 6.7% and only one patient was IC. (Table 3)
The mean operative time was 67.72 ±15.19 min and mean hospital time 1.19 ± 0.349 day. (Table 4)
Regarding outcomes, 10 (33.3%) patients were excellent, 16 (53.3%) patients were good, 3 (10%) patients were fair and 1 (3.3%) case was poor. (Table 6)
Regarding complications, 3 (10%) patients have superficial infection, one (5.6%) case have skin necrosis and one (5.6%) patient have pin track infection. No patients reported complications, such as non-union, malunion, dislocation, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis of DIP joint, nail deformities and dorsal tenderness. (Table 7) Variable The studied population (N=30) Age (yrs) Mean ± SD Range
64.67 ± 8.52
22 – 50 Sex Male
18 (60%) Female
12 (40%)
Table 1: Demographical info of the cases involved in the study The studied patients (N=30) Time since fracture (days) Mean ± SD
3.81 ± 3.02 Time since fracture Same day
9 (30%) < week
15 (50%) ≥ week
6 (20%)
Table 2: Time since fractures of the studied patients
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The studied population
(N=30)
IB 2 (6.7%)
IIB 19 (63.3%)
IC 1 (3.3%)
IIC 8 (26.7%)
Table 3: Wehbe and Schneider sorting of mallet
fractures of the studied patients
The studied patients
(N=30)
Operation time (mins)
Mean ± SD
35.72 ± 10.09
Hospital stay (days)
Mean ± SD
1.19 ± 0.349
Table 4: Operative time and hospital stay of the
studied patients
The studied
population (N=30)
Union time (weeks)
Mean ± SD
6.21 ± 1.03
Extension deficit (°)
Mean ± SD
(Range)
5.06 ± 2.87
0 - 10
Flexion (°)
Mean ± SD
(Range)
79.63 ± 4.52
70 - 90
Table 5: Post-operative clinical characteristics of the
studied patients
The studied
population
(N=30)
Excellent 10 (33.3%)
Good 16 (53.3%)
Fair 3 (10%)
Poor 1 (3.3%)
Table 6: Outcomes of the studied patients according
to Crawford’s criteria
The studied
population (N=30)
Superficial infection 3 (10%)
Skin necrosis 1 (3.3%)
Pin track infection 1 (3.3%)
Table 7: Complications distribution of the studied
patients
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DISCUSSION
Mallet finger is one of the most frequent fingertip
injuries that is made by trauma to the terminal
inserting of the extensor digitorum tendons. It
frequently happens throughout sport activity, while
it could as well happen throughout every day
activity. Mallet fractures can be associated with soft
tissues injuries of the extensor digitorum tendons or
avulsion fractures of the distal phalanx.8
This is the reason of the study selection to be
performed to assess the outcomes of the extension
block fixation procedure that was defined initially by
Ishiguro.
This prospective random trial that was performed on
30-cases of either sex and of ages ranging between
20 and 50-yrs old, the current work was performed
in orthopedic Surgery departments in Al-Azhar
University (Cairo). The duration of the stud
The age of the patients ranges 22 – 50-yrs with mean
44.67-yrs, the majority of patients were males by
60%.
Our findings were approved by results of Jain et al.,9
who concluded that the demographic data found an
age average of 33.3-yrs in their sample size with 13-
men and 6-women.
Furthermore, Han et al.,10 demonstrated that a
number of 41-cases (29-men and 12-women) have
involved in the current work, with ages mean of 36-
yrs (between, 15 and 62-yrs).
The present study showed that 50% of the patients
came in less than a week since fracture, 30% of the
patients came in the same day of the fracture while
20% of the patients came after a week. Right side
was the fractured in 70% of the patients while the
left was 30%. The predominant mechanism of the
injury in 46.7% of patients was fall, 36.7% were
sport and 16.7% were work accident.
Our results were in line with study of Çapkın et al.,11
as they reported that 8-fractures were in right and
five were in the left hand, with the ring-finger was
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the most frequently influenced (6-patients), then the little-finger (4-patients), middle-finger (2-patients) and index-finger (1-patient). The injury reasons were a falling (7 -patients), sports injuries (3-patients), occupational accidents (2-patients) and a fighting (1-patient). The mean time from the injury to surgical operation was 3.3 days.
In the study of Jain et al.,9 the majority of the cases, 12 out of the 19 were a result of non-sports related trauma. The digits involved were 4 index-fingers,11 middle-finger, 3 ring-fingers and 1 little-finger.
The current study showed that IIB was the predominant classification in 63.3% of the patients, IIC was found in 26.7%, IB was found in 6.7% and only one patient was IC.
Also, in the investigation of Han et al.,10 regarding the W-S sorting, 23-patients were type-IB, 2-patients were type-IIA, 14-patients were type-IIB, and 2-patients were type-IIC. And no patients of types-IC or III were found.
Also, Ricardo,12 demonstrated that in accordance to Wehbe´ & Schneider’s sorting, there were 6-patients of type-IB, and 4-patients of type-IIB fractures.
In the study in our hands, the mean operative time was 35.72 ±10.09 min and mean hospital time 1.19 ± 0.349 day. The mean union time was 6.21 ± 1.03 weeks. The mean extension deficit was 5.06 ± 2.87°. The mean flexion was 79.63 ± 4.52°.
Our findings were approved with the results by Çapkın et al.,11 who concluded that the mean following-up interval was 8.2-mths (ranging between 4 and 12-mths), with all K-wires detached afterward 4-wks. But combination was not completed afterward 5-wks in 2-cases, so the orthoses were reserved till the end of 6th week in these patients, meaning that total; the orthotic splints were employed for a mean of 5.1-wks. Radiographic bone combination has been attained by 5th or 6th week (mean of 5.1). At the ultimate following-up, the DIP has flexions average of 76.1-degrees (ranging from 65 to 80-degrees) and extension average shortage of 3.84-degrees (ranging from zero to 15 degrees).
Also, Jain et al.,8 demonstrated that the average period of radiological union was 6.4 weeks. The average range of flexion attainted was 75.6 deg.
The current work revealed that 10-cases (33.3%) have excellent outcome, 16-cases (53.3%) have good outcome, 3-cases (10%) have fair outcome and 1-case (3.3%) has poor outcome.
The present findings have been approved by results of Çapkın et al.,11 who concluded that in accordance to Crawford’s criteria, 8-cases have excellent outcomes, 4-cases have good outcomes, and 1-case has a fair outcome.
In the study of Ricardo,12 using the Crawford’s assessment measures, 3-cases (3 fingers; 30%) have excellent outcomes, 6 (60%) have good outcomes, and one case (10%) has fair outcomes. And no poor outcomes were found.
Also, Jain et al.,8, revealed that the Crawford outcome classification was used to evaluate the post-operative functional outcome, according to which they obtained 11 excellent results, 4 good result and 4 fair outcomes.
The current study showed that regarding complications, 3 (10%) patients have superficial infection; one (5.6%) case has skin necrosis and one (5.6%) patient have pin track infection. No patients reported complications, such as non-union, malunion, dislocation, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis of DIP joint, nail deformities and dorsal tenderness.
Our results were in agreement with study of Çapkın et al.,11 as they reported that no any complications were found, like the fracture fragmentation, nail deformation, volar subluxation, or dislocation or DIP joint osteoarthritis. 2-patients advanced surface infections, and one patient advanced skin necrosis; all of them were managed with oral anti-biotics and wound care, if required.
Also, infection at the pin track site, marginal skin necrosis and deformity of the nail may adversely affect the outcome as concluded by Bischoff et al.,13 in their work.
In the study of Bhasme,14 there were no infections of pin tracks or skin necrosis. The fracture had well united in all the patients on follow-up check radiograph. Osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal joints was not seen in any case at follow-up.
CONCLUSION
Extension block pinning is a simple and effective management modality for mallet fracture when performed correctly. It provides excellent functional outcome in acute and subacute presentations. It also gives the advantage of treating the fracture as a day care procedure with minimal instruments and no post-operative scars.
