Spittle in Ancient Egyptian Religious Texts | ||
| Bulletin of the Center Papyrological Studies | ||
| Article 13, Volume 38, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 239-259 PDF (890.65 K) | ||
| Document Type: المقالة الأصلية | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/bcps.2021.204070 | ||
| Author | ||
| رانيا عبد العزيز* | ||
| fayoum university , Egyptology Department | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Spittle carried important symbolic reference in Pyramid texts, Coffin texts and the Book of the Dead, where it was related to the gods like the god “Horus” who spat milk from his mouth and spat his Spittle to face his enemy “Seth”. Spittle was also related to the god “Papi” who spat poison on the body. Spittle also participated in treatments from diseases, where spitting on wounds helped them to cure, while spitting on hair locks helped its growth. Rivers flow with spittle discharging from the mouth to open by this the horizon doors so that the deceased could ascend to heaven. Spittle was connected to myths like the creation myth, the myth of Horus and Seth, solar myths such as “Re and Apopis”. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Spittle; Body Efflux; Mouth; Creation myths; Purification | ||
| References | ||
|
1- Abbasy, A. S., Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine. Cairo: Dar El Maaref, 1972.
2- Allen, J.P., The Ancient Egyptian pyramid Text, Society of Biblical Literature, 2nd ed. Atlanta: Georgia, 2005.
3- Barta, W., “Funktion und Lokalisierung der Zirkumpolarsterne in den Pyramiden Texten" ZÄS 107 (1980).
4- Barta, W.,” Nehebkau”, LÄ IV (1982): Cols. 388-390.
5- Beckerath, J., “circumpolarsterne“, LÄ I (1975): Col. 971.
6- Beinlich, H., "Das Buch vom Fayum Zum Religion Eigenverstȁndenis Ägyptischen Landscahft", Text band, ÄA 51 (Wiesbaden: 1991).
7- Birch, S., Medical Papyrus with the name of chepos “, ZÄS 9 (1871).
Blackman, A. M., "The Significance and Libation in Funerary and Temple Ritual", ZÄS 50 (1912).
8- Blackman, A.M., "The Rite of Opening the Mouth in Ancient Egypt and Babylonia", JEA X (1924).
9- Blackman, M. A., "The Story of King Kheops and the Magicians“.Translated from Papyrus Westcar (Berlin papyrus 3033). England: 1988.
10- Borchardt, L., "Das Grabdenkmal des Königs S'ahu- Re, II, Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient", Gesellschaft 26 (1913).
11- Borghouts, J.F., "The Evil Eye of Apopis", JEA 59 (1973).
12- Brunner, H., "Seth und Apophis – Gegen götter im ägyptischen pantheon" in: Saeculum, München 34 (1983).
13- Brunner, H., "Die Theologische Bedeutung der Trunkenheit", ZÄS 79 (1954).
14- Brunner Traut, E., “Shöpfung “, LÄ V: Cols. 677-690.
15- Brunton, G., Mostagedda and the Tasian Culture. London: Quaritch, 1937.
16- Budge, E.A.W., The Greenfield Papyrus in the British Museum, the Funerary Papyrus of Princes Neistanebtahru, Daughter of Painetchem II and priestess Nesi – Khensun and priestess of Amun – ra at Thebes. London: British Museum, 1912.
17- Budge, E.A.W., Amulets and Superstition. London: Oxford University Press, 1930.
18- Carrier, C., Textes des Sarcophages du Moyen Empire egyptien, Tome I. Monaco: Éditions du Rocher, 2004.
19- Carrier, C., Le Livre des Morts de Ľ Egypte ancienne. French: Librairie Cybèle, 2009.
20- Collins, R. O., The Water of the Nile: An Annotated Bibliography. London and New York: Routledge, 1991.
21- Derchain Ph., Le Papyrus Salt 825 (B.M 10051) Ritual Pour La Conservation de La vie en Égypte. Bruxelles: Palais des académies, 1965
22- Davies, N. de G., The Tomb of Nefer-Hotep at Thebes, Vol. I. New York: 1933.
23- Edgerton, W.F., & Wilson, J., Historical Records of Ramses III, the Texts of Medinet Habu, Vol. I and II, SAOC12. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936.
24- Edel, E., "Beiträge Zum Ägyptischen Lexikon III, Zur Lesung des Götternamens bAbi und varr. Als bAbAwi" ZÄS 81 (1956).
25- Erman A. & Grapow H., Wörterbuch der Aegyptischen, 7 vols (Berlin: 1971).
26- Frankfort, H., Ancient Egyptian Religion. New York: Columbia University Press, 1949
27- Fairman, H.W., "Worship and Festivals in an Egyptian Temple", Bullein of the John Rinolds Library (Manchester: 1961).
28- Faulkner, R.O., The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Translated into English (Oxford: 1969)
29- Faulkner, R.O., “The King and Star Religion in the Pyramid Texts“, JNES 25 (1966).
30- Grieshammer, R., "Mundöffnungs ritual", LӒ IV: Col, 223-224
31- Griffiths, J.G., The Conflict of Horus and Seth from Egyptian and Classical Sources: A Study in Ancient Mythology. Liverpool University Press: 1960.
32- Griffths, J., “Osiris“, LÄ IV (1982): Cols. 622-633.
33- Hannig, R., Großes Hand- wörterbuch Deutsch-Ägyptisch (2800–950 v. Chr.), Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt 64. Mainz: 1995.
34- Hassan, S., Excavation at Giza, 10 vols. Cairo & Oxford: 1929 – 1960.
35- Kanawti, N., The Tomb and its Significance in Ancient Egypt, PAS 3, Guizeh. Egypt: Foreign Cultural Information Dept., Prism Publications Offices, 1987.
36- Kaplony, “ka”, LÄ II: Cols. 275 – 282.
37- Hassan, S., Hymnes Religieux du Moyen Empire. Le Caire: Impr. de l' Institut français d'archéologie orientale, 1928.
38- Helck, W., Das Bier im Alten Ägypten. Berlin: Unveränderter Nachdruck, 1971.
39- Keimer, L., Étude ď Egyptologie, Fasc 7 (Le Caire: 1945).
40- Klebs, L., "Die Reliefs des Alten Reiches (2980- 2475 V. chr), Material zur Ägyptischen Kulturgeschichte", AHAW 3 (1915).
41- Lefébvre, G., “Tableau des parties du Corps humain Mentionneés par les Égyptiens“, SASAE 17 (1952).
42- Lichtheim, M., Ancient Egyptian Literature, A Book of Readings, Vol. I, Old and Middle Kingdom. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California, 1973.
43- Luacas, A., "Egyptian Use of Beer and Wien", AE I (1928).
44- Luiselli, M. M., Der Amun – Re Hymnes des P. Boulaq 17. Kairo: CG 58038, Weisbaden, 2004.
45- Manfred, L., The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Dictionary (New York: Thames & Hudson, 1982), 93.
46- Mercer, A.B., The Pyramid Texts in Translation and Commentary, New York & London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1952.
47- Nunn, J. F., Ancient Egyptian Medicine. London: British Museum Press, 1996.
48- Ogdon, J. R., Knots and Ties, "Note on Ancient Ligatures", DE 7 (1987).
49- Petrie, W. M. F., The Religion of Ancient Egypt. London: A. Constable & Co. ltd., 1906
50- Raven, M. J., "Egyptian Concepts of the Orientation of the Human body“, JEA 91 (2005).
51- Roth, A., "The PsS-kf and The Opening of The Mouth ceremony, A ritual of birth and rebirth", JEA78 (1992).
52- Schichting, LÄ III (1980), Col., 1056.
53- Schott, S., “Der Gott des Harfenspiels Mélange Maspero, I, Orient Ancien", MIFAO LXVI (1935-1938).
54- Sethe, K., Die Totenliteratur der Alten Ägypter. Berlin: 1931.
55- Sethe, K.,“Dramatische Texte zu Altaegyptischen Mysterienspielen“ UGAÄ (Leipzig: 1964).
56- Shorte, A. W., "The God Neheb – kau", JEA 21 (1935).
57- Sloley, R. W., “Primitive Methods of Measuring Time“, JEA 17 (1931).
58- Staehelin, E., “Knoten“, in LÄ III: Cols. 459.
59- Te Velde, H., “Seth”, The Oxford Encyclopediaof Ancient Egypt, III, 2001.
60- Wb, II 356 (13-12) – 357 (18)
61- Walker, J., Studies in Ancient Egyptian Anatomical Terminology. Warminster: 1996
62- Weeks, C., Ancient Egyptian Dentistry, Chicago: 1980.
63- Wendrich, W., "Entangled Connected Or Protected? The Power of Knots and Knotting in Ancient Egypt" in: Szpakowska, K., (ed) Through a Glass Darkly, Magic, Dreams and Prophecy in Ancient Egypt. Swanesa: The Classica Press of Wales, 2006.
64- Westendorf, W., "Die Panther katze, Mafdet", ZDMG 118 (1968).
65- Wilkinson, R., The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. AUC: Thames & Hudson, 2017.
66- Wilson, P., A Ptolemaic Lexikon: A Lexicographical Study of the Texts in the Temple of Edfu. Leuven: Peeters, 1997.
| ||
|
Statistics Article View: 697 PDF Download: 539 |
||
