Risk Factors for Male Breast Cancer: A Case Control Study in Alexandria, Egypt | ||
| Journal of High Institute of Public Health | ||
| Article 4, Volume 32, Issue 3, July 2002, Pages 459-470 | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/jhiph.2002.208929 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Fayek El Khwsky1; Amal El Sodafy2; Mohammed Saleem3; Dalal El-Guiziry4 | ||
| 1Medical Statistics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt | ||
| 2Pathology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt | ||
| 3Epidemiology Departments, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Egypt | ||
| 4Medical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Breast cancer in men is an extremely rare disease, its etiology remains unknown. Hormonal imbalance due to schistosomiasis, alcoholism, head trauma, gonadal injuries or environmental exposure to pesticides, smoking or intake of certain drugs and family history have been suggested to be associated risk factors for male breast cancer. In order to evaluate risk factors for male breast cancer, a case control study was conducted in Alexandria. Cases were 50 males of histologically confirmed breast cancer and 112 controls, matched for age, year of diagnosis, residence, and admitted for acute non hormone-related, non-urinary tract and non-surgical conditions. Factors studied included marital status, exposure to pesticides, family history of breast cancer, exposure to gonadal injury, prior chest radiation and alcohol intake. Medical risk factors included, history of head trauma, specific drugs intake 3 months before diagnosis and hepatic Schistosomiasis. Laboratory investigations included estimation of prolactin level. With reference to nonalcoholic, alcoholics had a multivariate odds ratio (OR) of 2.4, 95%confidence interval CI (1.5-5.0), subjects with positive family history were at more higher risk of breast cancer with an OR 3.9, 95%CI (1.7-9.1), history of exposure to pesticides also tend to increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer with an OR 3.2, 95%CI (1.2-8,4). Significant associations were also reported between hepatic Schistosomiasis, head trauma, smoking with estimated ORs of 2.6, 5.2 and 3.3 respectively. Likewise, subjects who reported any gonadal injury were more risky to develop breast cancer, OR 2.7,95%CI (1.1-13.7). The OR was 2.5, 95%CI (1.3-501) for those who reported specific drug intake for at least 3 months, one year before diagnosis. The mean of serum prolactin was significantly higher among eligible cases compared to controls. Data about occupation and infertility were not substantive to allow us for assessing their association. The results confirm with the suggested findings of other retrospective studies and lack of a statement about other suggested factors require further studies to elaborate their potential association. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Risk Factors; Male Breast Cancer; Alexandria; Egypt | ||
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