A Novel Approach for the Analysis of Titanium Dioxide Content by Simple Digestion System in Foodstuffs from the Egyptian Market Using ICP-OES and ICP-MS | ||
| Records of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences | ||
| Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2023, Pages 1-9 PDF (545.9 K) | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/rpbs.2023.280337 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Ghada H Abd- ElHamid1; Omayma M. El-Darder2; Amany K. Ibrahim3; Randa A Abdel-Salam4; Ghada Hadad* 4; Mohamed A. Abdelshakour5; Eman A Abdel Hameed6 | ||
| 1Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Egypt | ||
| 2Department of Home Economics , Faculty of Education, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt | ||
| 3Department of pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. | ||
| 4Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt. | ||
| 5Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Egypt. | ||
| 6Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Egypt. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Titanium dioxide (TiO2) or E 171 is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium. It has been used as a colourant to improve and brighten the appearance of foods. Several toxicological studies have revealed that nanoparticles can cause inflammation, tissue necrosis, renal apoptosis, and immune response. Moreover, the International Organization for Cancer Research has listed TiO2 as "possibly carcinogenic to humans’’. Food labels do not provide quantitative data to the amount of TiO2 added and even qualitative data is limited. In recent years, ICP-OES and ICP-MS have emerged as viable methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of TiO2. No ICP method had been reported for the determination of E171 colorant in Egyptian foodstuffs. In this study, rapid quantitative analysis was developed for determination of E171 in foodstuffs consumed widely by children. To efficiently recover E171, we combined concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrogen peroxide with microwave digestion. The optimized digestion temperature was 200°C and digestion time was 15 min . ICP-OES was then used to analyse the digestate. ICP-MS was used as a complementary technique to ICP-OES to obtain assured results and achieve accuracy. A percentage recovery >95% for E171 was achieved. The method was successfully applicated on eleven foodstuffs found in the Egyptian market including chewing gums, hard candy, and juice powders. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Titanium dioxide; ICP-OES; ICP-MS; Foodstuffs | ||
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