Insights on the role of TLR-4 in neuroinflammation: a hint on COVID-19 relationship | ||
| Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University | ||
| Volume 7, Issue 2, December 2023, Pages 324-333 PDF (308.24 K) | ||
| Document Type: Review Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/aps.2023.231700.1133 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Salma A. Elshafey* 1; Dalia El-Khouly2; Esther T. Menze3; Mariane G. Tadros3 | ||
| 1Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt. | ||
| 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt. | ||
| 3Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's. Within the central nervous system, microglia express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) abundantly, which prompts the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, PGE2, IL-1β, and NO that are considered essential components of neuroinflammation. The emergence of neurological complications in COVID-19 patients has spurred investigations into TLR-4's potential involvement. Particularly intriguing is its contribution to the cytokine storms triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 infections. This comprehensive review investigates the TLR-4-induced neuroinflammation, focusing on its potential connection to cognitive decline and neurological symptoms triggered by COVID-19. By unraveling the intricate mechanisms by which TLR-4 mediates neuroinflammation, this review aims to shed light on its possible role in the context of COVID-19. Understanding the implications of TLR-4 activation could pave the way for targeted interventions to alleviate the cognitive and neurological impacts of COVID-19. As the world seeks to comprehend the far-reaching effects of the pandemic, grasping the nuances of TLR-4-associated neuroinflammation stands as a crucial step in addressing the challenges posed by cognitive decline and neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Microglia; Inflammation; Toll-Like Receptor 4; MyD88; NF-kB; SARS-CoV-2 | ||
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