Optimizing Carbon Dots for Enhanced Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions: A Novel Approach Using Hydrothermal Synthesis with Tartaric | ||||
| Egyptian Journal of Chemistry | ||||
| Volume 68, Issue 7, July 2025, Page 175-184 PDF (3.48 MB) | ||||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejchem.2024.317394.10319 | ||||
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| Authors | ||||
Alaa R. Said1; Mohamed M. ghobashy  2; Ahmed Siddiq3; Ahmed A. Zaher 4; Sadeek atia Sadeek1
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| 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt | ||||
| 2Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt | ||||
| 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt | ||||
| 4Main Laboratories, Chemical Ware Fare, Egyptian Army, Egypt. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, El-Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt.nce, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| This study explores the synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) using a novel hydrothermal method with tartaric and oxalic acids as precursors. Three distinct samples, CD-1, CD-2, and CD-3, were synthesized with varying precursor ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) to investigate their impact on the CDs' physicochemical properties and lead ion removal efficiency. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed significant surface functionalization, with CD-3 displaying the highest O-H stretching intensity at 3400 cm⁻¹. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed quasi-spherical CDs with sizes ranging from 4 to 8 nm, with CD-1 showing the most uniform distribution (5-6 nm average). Raman spectroscopy indicated varying degrees of graphitization, with CD-3 exhibiting the lowest I_D/I_G ratio of 0.85, suggesting a more ordered carbon structure. Notably, CD-1 demonstrated a superior lead ion removal efficiency of 77.2%, significantly higher than CD-2 (27.5%) and CD-3 (71.2%). The optimum precursor ratio was determined to be 1:1 (tartaric acid: oxalic acid) in CD-1, balancing surface functionalization and structural order, thereby enhancing adsorption properties. This study underscores the importance of precursor ratio optimization in tailoring CD properties for environmental remediation applications. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Keywords: Hydrothermal synthesis; Carbon dot; Lead removal; Characterization | ||||
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