ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE A GLOBAL BURDEN - MECHANISMS, CURRENT INSIGHTS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Kumar, P., Kumar, D., Gautam, V., Singh, S., Fadhil Pratama, M. (2025). ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE A GLOBAL BURDEN - MECHANISMS, CURRENT INSIGHTS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. EKB Journal Management System, 48(1), 523-545. doi: 10.21608/bfsa.2024.310197.2228
Punet Kumar; Deepak Kumar; Vivek Gautam; Sangam Singh; Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama. "ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE A GLOBAL BURDEN - MECHANISMS, CURRENT INSIGHTS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS". EKB Journal Management System, 48, 1, 2025, 523-545. doi: 10.21608/bfsa.2024.310197.2228
Kumar, P., Kumar, D., Gautam, V., Singh, S., Fadhil Pratama, M. (2025). 'ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE A GLOBAL BURDEN - MECHANISMS, CURRENT INSIGHTS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS', EKB Journal Management System, 48(1), pp. 523-545. doi: 10.21608/bfsa.2024.310197.2228
Kumar, P., Kumar, D., Gautam, V., Singh, S., Fadhil Pratama, M. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE A GLOBAL BURDEN - MECHANISMS, CURRENT INSIGHTS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. EKB Journal Management System, 2025; 48(1): 523-545. doi: 10.21608/bfsa.2024.310197.2228

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE A GLOBAL BURDEN - MECHANISMS, CURRENT INSIGHTS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences Assiut University
Volume 48, Issue 1, June 2025, Page 523-545  XML PDF (1.03 MB)
Document Type: Original Article
DOI: 10.21608/bfsa.2024.310197.2228
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Authors
Punet Kumar email orcid 1; Deepak Kumarorcid 2; Vivek Gautamorcid 3; Sangam Singhorcid 4; Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratamaorcid 5
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Harchandpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
2Department of Pharmacology, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Baghpat, U.P., India.
3Department of Pharmaceutics, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Baghpat, U.P., India.
4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Oxford College of Pharmacy, Hapur, U.P., India
5Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, characterized by the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant infections and the diminishing pipeline of novel antibiotics. The development of resistance mechanisms, including target site alteration, efflux pumps, and enzymatic inactivation, has contributed to the spread of AMR among human pathogens, both within healthcare settings and the broader community. These resistance mechanisms often arise in response to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Antimicrobial agents exert their effects through various mechanisms, such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis (e.g., β-lactams), protein synthesis (macrolides, tetracyclines), nucleic acid synthesis (fluoroquinolones, rifampin), or metabolic pathways (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). However, the emergence of AMR has challenged the efficacy of these agents. Addressing AMR requires a multifaceted approach, including optimizing antibiotic use, strengthening infection prevention and control measures, and accelerating the development of new antimicrobial agents and diagnostics. While some studies have shown the potential for reversing antimicrobial resistance under specific conditions, the overall challenge remains complex and multifaceted. This review provides an overview of AMR, its underlying mechanisms, and the critical need for global action to mitigate its impact.
Keywords
Antimicrobial resistance; Cell wall synthesis; Macrolides; Tetracyclines; Fluoroquinolones
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