Penta Methinic Cyanine Dyes: Green and Sustainable Synthesis, Photosensitization, and Antimicrobial Activity | ||||
| Egyptian Journal of Chemistry | ||||
| Volume 68, Issue 8, August 2025, Page 503-512 PDF (1.91 MB) | ||||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejchem.2024.337974.10843 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Authors | ||||
Fayez M. Eissa   1; Abualmagd Abualmagd2; Yasmin Desouqi3; Hazem Katry4; Hussein Damarany5
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| 1Aswan University, Faculty of Science | ||||
| 2Department of Spinning, weaving, and knitting, Faculty of Applied Arts, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt | ||||
| 3Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science,Aswan University , Aswan 81528, Egypt | ||||
| 4Department of Textile Fabric, Faculty of Applied Arts, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt | ||||
| 5Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University , Aswan 81528, Egypt | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Cyanine dyes of penta methinic type were prepared employing greener and more sustainable procedures than the known conventional procedure. The synthesized dyes incorporating heterocyclic ring system, (oxazole, thiazole, or imidazole), inside the methinic bridge that enhanced the electronic transition inside the dye molecule. The green context of the synthesis was discussed in comparison with the non-green components of the traditional one and both environmental factor and eco-scale rating were assessed to evaluate how much greenness was the process. The greenness of the synthesis was evident through optimum yields with high atom economy, energy proficiency, less solvent and catalysis, lower E-factors and higher Eco-scales, less hazardous, low risk, and higher conversion. The structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed via elemental analysis, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR spectroscopy. Photosensitization of the prepared dyes was evaluated by studying their absorption spectra in absolute ethanol and was highly marked. The biological activity of the synthesized compounds against bacteria was measured, related to that of the antibiotic Ampicillin, and showed moderate to high activity that, intern, encourage potent pharmaceutical studies. The bioactivity-structure correlation was demonstrated to ensure the highly significant relation between the structures of the tested compounds and their activities. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Cyanines; Dyes; Green; synthesis; Sustainability; Photosensitization; Antibacterial | ||||
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