Biochemical Mechanisms in Drug Metabolism: Implications for Personalized Pharmacotherapy in Pharmacy Practice

Alshamrani, Ali Hofan Hassan; Al-Moashi, Hanan Muntaha Hassan; Alqunfdi, Mai Abdullah M; Alhaqwe, Ibrahim Ali; Alruwaili, Asaad Hamdan; Alenezi, Bdreh Hamdan; Almutiry, Mutlaq Master; aqili, Abdullah yahya; ALDwsari, Mona Abdullah; Algarfan, Ahed Mohammed; Alghamdi, Mohammad Dughyther; Alshahrani, Mohammed Nasser; Muwwad, Mohammed Ahmed Ali; Alkahtani, Sultan Fahad Th; Alhaidari, TALAL ABDULRAHMAN Mohsen; Aljeheni, Fatimah Mohammed

doi:10.21608/ejchem.2024.336222.10796

	Biochemical Mechanisms in Drug Metabolism: Implications for Personalized Pharmacotherapy in Pharmacy Practice
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Volume 67, Issue 13, December 2024, Page 1493-1505 PDF (703.07 K)
Document Type: Review Articles
DOI: 10.21608/ejchem.2024.336222.10796
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Authors
Ali Hofan Hassan Alshamrani ¹; Hanan Muntaha Hassan Al-Moashi²; Mai Abdullah M Alqunfdi³; Ibrahim Ali Alhaqwe⁴; Asaad Hamdan Alruwaili⁵; Bdreh Hamdan Alenezi⁶; Mutlaq Master Almutiry⁷; Abdullah yahya aqili⁸; Mona Abdullah ALDwsari⁹; Ahed Mohammed Algarfan¹⁰; Mohammad Dughyther Alghamdi¹¹; Mohammed Nasser Alshahrani¹²; Mohammed Ahmed Ali Muwwad¹³; Sultan Fahad Th Alkahtani¹⁴; TALAL ABDULRAHMAN Mohsen Alhaidari¹⁵; Fatimah Mohammed Aljeheni¹⁶
¹Thuriban General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
²Bahar Health Center, , Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
³Directorate of health affairs, Jeddah, , Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
⁴Alreath hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
⁵Aquwayiyah General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
⁶Judaida Arar Health Center, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
⁷Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
⁸Al aridh hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
⁹Aldar Albeidha First Health Center, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
¹⁰King Salman Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
¹¹Durma general hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
¹²Alyamama hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
¹³Primary CareCenter in Medical supply Abu Arish, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
¹⁴Riyadh Health Cluster 1, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
¹⁵Primary Care Center Hakama Abu Arish, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
¹⁶ALJAZEARH PHC, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Background: Drug metabolism is a complex biochemical process, where cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play a crucial role in the biotransformation of medications. Variations in these enzymes can influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, leading to inter-individual differences in drug response. Personalized pharmacotherapy aims to tailor drug treatment based on individual genetic and metabolic profiles to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects. Aim: This paper explores the biochemical mechanisms involved in drug metabolism, focusing on the role of cytochromes in drug biotransformation. It also examines how personalized medicine and pharmacometabolomics can enhance drug efficacy and safety in clinical practice. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to assess the biochemical mechanisms involved in cytochrome-mediated drug metabolism. Studies on cytochrome P450 enzymes and their genetic polymorphisms were analyzed to understand their role in personalized pharmacotherapy. Additionally, the potential applications of pharmacometabolomics in drug therapy optimization were explored. Results: Cytochrome P450 enzymes are responsible for the oxidative metabolism of many drugs, and variations in their genes can significantly affect drug metabolism rates. For instance, some individuals are slow metabolizers of certain drugs due to genetic variations in CYP genes, leading to an increased risk of toxicity, while others are fast metabolizers, which may result in suboptimal drug efficacy. Pharmacometabolomics, the study of metabolic profiles, can offer insights into these variations, allowing for more precise and individualized treatment strategies. Emerging technologies in genomics and metabolomics offer the potential to predict patient responses to drugs, paving the way for personalized pharmacotherapy. Conclusion: Personalized pharmacotherapy, empowered by pharmacometabolomics and cytochrome analysis, offers significant promise in optimizing drug therapy. Understanding individual metabolic profiles and cytochrome variations enables clinicians to tailor drug treatments, improving therapeutic outcomes and minimizing adverse effects. The integration of these technologies into pharmacy practice can revolutionize the way medications are prescribed, ensuring more effective and safer treatments for patients.
Keywords
Cytochrome P450; drug metabolism; personalized medicine; pharmacometabolomics; pharmacotherapy; genetic variations


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