Work Stress and Biochemical Changes-An Updated Review Article. | ||||
| Egyptian Journal of Chemistry | ||||
| Volume 67, Issue 13, December 2024, Page 1743-1752 PDF (486.08 K) | ||||
| Document Type: Review Articles | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejchem.2024.343310.10957 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Authors | ||||
| Manal Abdulrahim Saleh Altowaliee1; Raid Azim Aldosari2; Tahani Mohammed Alqahtani3; Nihayah Mubarak Almohammed4; Ghadeer Mohammed Nezal Almusaed4; Faizah Masad Salman Alzaidi5; Abdulaziz Mohammed Alshammari6; Khalid Mutiq Nuhaytir Alanazi6; Shroq Saud Alsaraan5; Mofadia Mohammed Alenazi1; Mohammed Sager Alenazi1; Bader Dahi Alanezy7; Wafa Abdulrahman Binhedyan4; Ahood Mohammed Alharkan4; Nouf Abdulaziz Alhuzaim1 | ||||
| 1Alyamamh Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia | ||||
| 2Wadi aldwasir hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia | ||||
| 3Al Muzahimiyah General Hospital Social Services, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia | ||||
| 4Imam Abdulrahman Al Faisal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia | ||||
| 5Iman general hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia | ||||
| 6King Salman Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia | ||||
| 7King Salman center for kidney diseases, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Background: Stress, as a psychophysiological response, arises when individuals encounter challenging or adverse situations. Extensive research over the past decades has demonstrated stress’s profound effects on both the nervous system and overall health, showing associations with memory impairments, cognitive decline, and physiological damage in chronic cases. Stress-induced biochemical changes impact critical systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, autonomic nervous system (ANS), and immune responses. These physiological responses influence various biomarkers and immune functions, increasing vulnerability to chronic diseases. Aim: This review aims to update and synthesize findings on the biochemical biomarkers involved in stress responses, particularly the role of cortisol and related biochemical indicators in both acute and chronic stress conditions. Methods: A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, focusing on studies investigating stress biomarkers. Data were sourced from multiple databases, covering research on cortisol measurements in hair, saliva, blood, and other biological samples, and studies exploring the physiological responses regulated by the HPA axis, ANS, and immune system. Results: Findings highlight cortisol as a significant biomarker in stress, with measurement methods, including hair and salivary cortisol, offering reliable indicators for chronic stress levels. Chronic stress influences hormone levels, such as those produced by the HPA axis, and leads to increased pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNF-alpha, and C-reactive protein. Additionally, elevated oxidative stress markers, such as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, reveal the body’s antioxidant response under stress. Studies also link stress responses to various long-term health outcomes, including metabolic disturbances, immunosuppression, and age-related physiological changes. Conclusion: This review underscores the biochemical changes triggered by stress and emphasizes cortisol as a key chronic stress biomarker. The cumulative evidence suggests that biochemical monitoring of stress can aid in early identification of stress-induced health risks. Future research should focus on refining stress measurement techniques and exploring interventions that target these physiological markers to improve health outcomes. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Stress biomarkers; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; immune response; chronic stress; oxidative stress; inflammatory cytokines | ||||
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