Diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children: An updated systematic review
Mohammadi, M., Norouzkhani, N., Rouhparvarzamin, M., Afshari, S., Rahmanifar, A., Akhtari kohnehshahri, A., Ghadam, A., Mehrani, A., Mohit, S., Dadras, H., Mohammadi, N., Sheikhzadeh, F., Ghajary, A., Mousazadeh, K., Khakpour, Y., Malek, M., Behshood, P., Poudineh, M., Deravi, N. (2025). Diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children: An updated systematic review. EKB Journal Management System, 6(3), 3086-4004. doi: 10.21608/mid.2025.324731.2256
Mohammad Mohammadi; Narges Norouzkhani; Motahare Rouhparvarzamin; Shaghayegh Afshari; Atena Rahmanifar; Ata Akhtari kohnehshahri; Ali Ghadam; Aida Mehrani; Sepide Mohit; Hadiyeh Dadras; Nasrin Mohammadi; Farzad Sheikhzadeh; Alireza Ghajary; Kourosh Mousazadeh; Yaser Khakpour; Mahta Malek; Parisa Behshood; Mohadeseh Poudineh; Niloofar Deravi. "Diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children: An updated systematic review". EKB Journal Management System, 6, 3, 2025, 3086-4004. doi: 10.21608/mid.2025.324731.2256
Mohammadi, M., Norouzkhani, N., Rouhparvarzamin, M., Afshari, S., Rahmanifar, A., Akhtari kohnehshahri, A., Ghadam, A., Mehrani, A., Mohit, S., Dadras, H., Mohammadi, N., Sheikhzadeh, F., Ghajary, A., Mousazadeh, K., Khakpour, Y., Malek, M., Behshood, P., Poudineh, M., Deravi, N. (2025). 'Diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children: An updated systematic review', EKB Journal Management System, 6(3), pp. 3086-4004. doi: 10.21608/mid.2025.324731.2256
Mohammadi, M., Norouzkhani, N., Rouhparvarzamin, M., Afshari, S., Rahmanifar, A., Akhtari kohnehshahri, A., Ghadam, A., Mehrani, A., Mohit, S., Dadras, H., Mohammadi, N., Sheikhzadeh, F., Ghajary, A., Mousazadeh, K., Khakpour, Y., Malek, M., Behshood, P., Poudineh, M., Deravi, N. Diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children: An updated systematic review. EKB Journal Management System, 2025; 6(3): 3086-4004. doi: 10.21608/mid.2025.324731.2256

Diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children: An updated systematic review

Microbes and Infectious Diseases
Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2025, Page 3086-4004  XML PDF (931.08 K)
Document Type: Systematic review or meta-analysis
DOI: 10.21608/mid.2025.324731.2256
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Authors
Mohammad Mohammadiorcid 1; Narges Norouzkhaniorcid 2; Motahare Rouhparvarzaminorcid 3; Shaghayegh Afshariorcid 4; Atena Rahmanifarorcid 5; Ata Akhtari kohnehshahriorcid 6; Ali Ghadamorcid 7; Aida Mehraniorcid 8; Sepide Mohitorcid 9; Hadiyeh Dadrasorcid 10; Nasrin Mohammadiorcid 11; Farzad Sheikhzadehorcid 12; Alireza Ghajaryorcid 13; Kourosh Mousazadehorcid 14; Yaser Khakpour15; Mahta Malek16; Parisa Behshoodorcid 17; Mohadeseh Poudineh email orcid 18; Niloofar Deravi email orcid 19
1School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
2Department of Medical Informatics, faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3Student research committee, school of nursing and midwifery, Shahid sadoughi University of medical sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
5Student Research committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
6Student Research Committee, Faculty of medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
7Medical student, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran
8Faculty of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
9Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran.
10Department of Medical Informatics, faculty of medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
11Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
12School of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
13School of pharmacy, Mashhad University of medical science, Mashhad, Iran
14Medical doctor, school of medicine, Islamic Azad university, Tehran medical branch, Tehran, Iran
15Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
16Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
17Department of Microbiology, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
18School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
19School of medicine, Shahid beheshti universityof medical sciences
Abstract
Background: Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) cervicofacial lymphadenitis is an emerging infectious disease that affects children. Regarding the correct diagnosis of NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis, there is widespread controversy. This updated systematic review aimed to reevaluate the efficacy and safety of diagnostic methods for NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis. Methods: We systematically searched the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar (from March 3, 2017, through January 11, 2023) to detect relevant studies, using Mesh keywords. Inclusion criteria were i) NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis studies, ii) Reports on patients under 18 years old, iii) Reports on diagnostic methods. Immuno-incompetent patients, studies that reported adults, and non-clinical studies (laboratory studies, technical notes, letters to editors, reviews) or case reports/series were excluded. Results: 512 patients between the ages of 0 and 18 are included in eight research studies. Diagnostic accuracy of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) staining, histology, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), tuberculin skin test (TST), immunodiagnostic assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays, and radiomic features were studied. Culture sensitivity was 67.2%, while PCR sensitivity was 92%, AFB staining specificity was between 80 and 100%, and sensitivity was between 46 and 85%. Using radiomic markers to differentiate benign from malignant lymphadenopathy has a specificity of 93% and sensitivity of 91%. Conclusion: This review indicates that isolation of the specimen by PCR or culture is still required for the precise identification of mycobacterial infections. While TST can not distinguish between tuberculosis (TB) and NTM, interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) and radiomic analyses, show promising sensitivity and specificity and reduce the need for invasive procedures.
Keywords
Cervicofacial lymphadenitis; Children; Diagnosis; Nontuberculous mycobacteria; Systematic review
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