يُعَدُّ باب القياس من أهم أبواب أصول الفقه ؛ لأنَّه مناط الاجتهاد، وأصل الرأي، والمفضي إلى الاستقلال بتفاصيل أحكام النَّوازل والوقائع، فهو أحق الأصول باعتناء الطَّالب؛ إذ بالتحري فيه والتَّنقيب عن مراميه تنقدح في الأذهان مسائل غزيرة منيفة، وتتفتق الأفكار بنكات لطيفة، ومن تمرس فيه وأدرك مراميه فقد احتوى مجامع الفقه، ومن درر بحر القياس التي هي عند العارف بقدرها أعز من الكبريت الأحمر، ونفيس الياقوت والجوهر درة "القياس الأدون"، هذا القياس الذي عظم شأوه، وعز الحديث عنه؛ لدقة المسالك فيه، ورقة الفواصل بين معانيه، الأمر الذي جعلني أنعم الفكر، وأتأمل في خفايا الأمر باحثا عن حقيقته حتى انقدح في ذهني الكتابة فيه تقريبا للبعيد، وتعريفا للغريب، كاشفا عن أسراره، ومفصحا عن خفايا أحواله، فجاءت هذه العجالة، فعرجت فيها على تعريف القياس، وأركانه، وأقسامه، ثُمَّ بينت إطلاقات الأصوليين على القياس الأدون، ومظان الحديث عنه، وماهيته عند الأصوليين، وموقفهم من صحة القول به، ومستند الحكم الثَّابت به، ثُمَّ توضيح درجته من حيث القطعية والظَّنية، وعلاقته بالقياس الخفي وقياس الشَّبه، وهل يصح تخصيص العام به؟ ثُمَّ بيان التَّطبيقات الفقهية للقياس الأدون، والذي ظهر فيه جليا مدى احتجاج الأصوليين بالقياس الأدون في العديد من الفروع الفقهية القديمة والمعاصرة، ثُمَّ الخاتمة، وأهم النتائج والتوصيات.
Abstract:
The section of analogy is one of the most important areas of the principles of jurisprudence because it forms the foundation of ijtihad, the cornerstone of opinion, and a path to autonomy in deriving rulings for new cases and events. It deserves the utmost attention from students, as investigating it and uncovering its objectives spark abundant and significant issues in the mind, and ideas blossom with delicate insights. Whoever masters it and comprehends its aims has encompassed the core of jurisprudential complexities.
Among the treasures of the ocean of analogy—treasures valued by the learned more than red sulfur and the rarest of rubies and jewels—is the pearl of "Qiyas al-Adwan" (Analogy of Inferiority). Its significance is profound, and discourse about it is rare due to the precision required in its paths and the subtle distinctions between its meanings. This inspired me to delve deeply, reflect on its intricacies, and search for its essence. Eventually, I was motivated to write about it, making the obscure accessible, elucidating the unfamiliar, uncovering its secrets, and revealing its hidden aspects.
This study begins by defining analogy, its pillars, and its divisions. It then explains the terminology used by scholars of jurisprudence for the Analogy of Inferiority, the contexts in which it is discussed, its nature according to jurists, their positions on its validity, and the foundations for rulings derived from it. Additionally, it clarifies its degree of certainty or conjecture, its relationship to hidden analogy and analogy by resemblance, and whether it can be used to specify general rulings. Finally, the study explores jurisprudential applications of the Analogy of Inferiority, demonstrating its significant use by jurists in various ancient and contemporary branches of jurisprudence. The conclusion highlights the key findings and recommendations. |
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