Heavy metals in the subsurface sediments of El Manzala Lagoon, Egypt: Assessment and correlation with other Mediterranean aquatic ecosystems
El Baz, S., Khalil, M., El-Afandy, A., Nabet, A., El-Katony, T., Saad, H., El-Harairey, M. (2025). Heavy metals in the subsurface sediments of El Manzala Lagoon, Egypt: Assessment and correlation with other Mediterranean aquatic ecosystems. EKB Journal Management System, 15(2), 58-72. doi: 10.21608/sjdfs.2025.375526.1228
Sherif M. El Baz; Magdy M. Khalil; Adel H. El-Afandy; Ahmed Y. Nabet; Taha El-Katony; Hoda Saad; Mona A. El-Harairey. "Heavy metals in the subsurface sediments of El Manzala Lagoon, Egypt: Assessment and correlation with other Mediterranean aquatic ecosystems". EKB Journal Management System, 15, 2, 2025, 58-72. doi: 10.21608/sjdfs.2025.375526.1228
El Baz, S., Khalil, M., El-Afandy, A., Nabet, A., El-Katony, T., Saad, H., El-Harairey, M. (2025). 'Heavy metals in the subsurface sediments of El Manzala Lagoon, Egypt: Assessment and correlation with other Mediterranean aquatic ecosystems', EKB Journal Management System, 15(2), pp. 58-72. doi: 10.21608/sjdfs.2025.375526.1228
El Baz, S., Khalil, M., El-Afandy, A., Nabet, A., El-Katony, T., Saad, H., El-Harairey, M. Heavy metals in the subsurface sediments of El Manzala Lagoon, Egypt: Assessment and correlation with other Mediterranean aquatic ecosystems. EKB Journal Management System, 2025; 15(2): 58-72. doi: 10.21608/sjdfs.2025.375526.1228

Heavy metals in the subsurface sediments of El Manzala Lagoon, Egypt: Assessment and correlation with other Mediterranean aquatic ecosystems

Scientific Journal for Damietta Faculty of Science
Volume 15, Issue 2, August 2025, Page 58-72  XML PDF (1.18 MB)
Document Type: Original articles
DOI: 10.21608/sjdfs.2025.375526.1228
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Authors
Sherif M. El Baz1; Magdy M. Khalil2; Adel H. El-Afandy3; Ahmed Y. Nabet4; Taha El-Katony5; Hoda Saad email 2; Mona A. El-Harairey4
1Damietta University, Faculty of Science, Geology Department, New Damietta, Egypt.
2Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt
3Nuclear materials authority
4geology department, faculty of science, Damietta University
5Botany department, faculty of science, Damietta University
Abstract
Recently, an accurate monitoring for coastal lagoons becomes an urgent need to protect them from severe effects of pollution. The present study aims to evaluate the heavy metal pollution in one of the most important coastal lagoons in Egypt, called Manzala Lagoon (ML). The measured concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) reflect that Fe > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Co > Cd. To evaluate the levels of contamination in the studied Lagoon, seven contamination indices are calculated, including contamination factor (Cf), Degree of contamination (Dc), Geo-accumulation index (Igeo), Pollution Load Index (PLI), enrichment factor (Ef), Ecological risk factor (Er) and Potential ecological risk factor (Ri). According to the Cf, the sediments are lowly contaminated with Zn, Ni, Co, Cu and Fe, moderately contaminated with Pb, and very highly contaminated with Cd. The average value of Dc (15.96), indicating a considerable level of contamination. Furthermore, the average values of Ef point to minor enrichment for Ni and Cu, moderate enrichment for Zn and Co, severe enrichment for Pb, and extremely severe enrichment for Cd. The average value of Ri reaches 676.3, suggesting that the sediments have very high risk. Consequently, Cd and Pb are the principal contributors for the ecological risk in ML. Finally, the comparison between the concentrations of heavy metals in the Manzala Lagoon and other Mediterranean is done.
Keywords
Contamination indices; Heavy metals; Manzala Lagoon; Egypt; Mediterranean
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