Genotypic Detection of agr Classes Using Uniplex-PCR and Quantitative Assessment of Biofilm titer in MRSA Isolates from Clinical Samples | ||
| Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2026 | ||
| Document Type: New and original researches in the field of Microbiology. | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejmm.2025.385820.1654 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Fatin A. Al-Handariz* ; Rafal K. Farhan | ||
| Department of Medical Microbiology, Tikrit University, College of Medicine, Iraq | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has a significant clinical concern due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics and enhanced virulence, often associated with the accessory gene regulator (agr) system and biofilm formation. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the distribution of accessory gene regulator (agr) classes I–IV among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates and to quantitatively assess their biofilm formation using a microtiter plate assay. Methodology: A total of 150 clinical samples were collected from patients suffering from tonsillitis, skin infections, and urinary tract infections, all were obtained from Samarra General Hospital- Iraq over a six-month period from June to November 2024, and screened for MRSA using microbiological and molecular methods and for detection of agr classes Biofilm formation was detected using micro-titter plate assay. Results: Fifty isolates were confirmed as MRSA. Genotyping revealed agr class I as the most prevalent (59%), followed by agr classes III, II, and IV. All isolates demonstrated ability of biofilm-forming, with agr class I strains exhibiting the strongest biofilm production. Moreover, agr class I isolates showed the highest rates of multidrug resistance and were exclusively linked to tonsillitis cases. Conclusion: These findings suggest that agr class I plays a prominent role in MRSA pathogenicity through its association with biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. Detection of agr classes may assist in the development of targeted treatment strategies. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| S. aureus; agr I; agr II; agr III; agr IV | ||
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