حماية الجمعيات الخيرية والمنظمات غير الربحية من الجرائم المتعلقة بغسل الأموال وتمويل الإرهاب في الكويت / Protecting Charitable Organizations and Non-Profit Entities From the Risks of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing in Kuwait | ||||
| مجلة الشريعة والقانون بالقاهرة | ||||
| Volume 45, Issue 45, May 2025, Page 2293-2374 PDF (1.1 MB) | ||||
| Document Type: المقالة الأصلية | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/mawq.2025.365585.1156 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Author | ||||
راشد الهاجري 
| ||||
| عضو هيئة تدريس في أكاديمية سعد العبد الله للعلوم الأمنية وأستاذ مساعد زائر في جامعة كيس وسترن | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| يتناول البحث قضية حماية الجمعيات الخيرية والمنظمات غير الربحية في الكويت من مخاطر غسل الأموال وتمويل الإرهاب، مشيرًا إلى الدور الأساس لهذه الكيانات في تعزيز التنمية الاجتماعية والاقتصادية. ويوضح البحث أن الجمعيات الخيرية تواجه تحديات متعددة نتيجة استغلالها المحتمل لأغراض إجرامية؛ مما يعرض سمعتها ونزاهتها المالية للخطر. يستعرض البحث الإطار القانوني والتنظيمي الكويتي، بما في ذلك قانون مكافحة غسل الأموال وتمويل الإرهاب، وتحليل مدى توافقه مع المعايير الدولية وأفضل الممارسات. كما يناقش أهمية تدابير العناية الواجبة وإجراءات "اعرف عميلك" في الكشف عن الأنشطة المشبوهة، وضرورة تطبيق الضوابط الداخلية لتعزيز الحماية. يُبرز البحث التأثير السلبي لجرائم غسل الأموال وتمويل الإرهاب على الجمعيات الخيرية، بما في ذلك تجميد أصولها، وتراجع الثقة المجتمعية، وتوقف الدعم المالي، مما يَعوق قدرتها على تحقيق أهدافها. ويشدد على أهمية العقوبات الرادعة ودورها في تعزيز الامتثال والشفافية. يختتم البحث بالإشارة إلى أهمية التعاون الدولي في تبادل المعلومات ومكافحة الجرائم المالية، مع التأكيد على ضرورة تبني نهج استباقي لتعزيز حماية الجمعيات والمنظمات غير الربحية في الكويت. The research addresses the issue of protecting charitable organizations and non-profit entities in Kuwait from the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing, highlighting their essential role in promoting social and economic development. It explains that these organizations face numerous challenges due to their potential exploitation for criminal purposes, jeopardizing their reputation and financial integrity. The study reviews the Kuwaiti legal and regulatory framework, including the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Law, and analyzes its alignment with international standards and best practices. It also discusses the importance of due diligence measures and "Know Your Customer" procedures in identifying suspicious activities and the need for internal controls to enhance protection. The research highlights the negative impact of money laundering and terrorist financing on charities, including asset freezing, loss of public trust, and cessation of financial support, hindering their ability to achieve their objectives. It emphasizes the role of deterrent sanctions in promoting compliance and transparency. The study concludes by underscoring the importance of international cooperation in information exchange and combating financial crimes, stressing the need for a proactive approach to strengthen the protection of charities and non-profit organizations in Kuwait. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| الجمعيات الخيرية، المنظمات غير الربحية، غسل الأموال، تمويل الإرهاب، الإطار القانوني، العناية الواجبة الشفافية، التدابير الوقائية./ Charit; Non-Profit Entities; Money Laundering; Terrorist Financing; Legal Framework; Due Diligence; Transparency; Preventive Measures | ||||
| References | ||||
المراجع الأجنبية
[1] G. Elkahlout, "'Hearts and minds': examining the Kuwaiti humanitarian model as an emerging Arab donor," Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 2020. [HTML] [2] S. Alterkait, "Islamic charity in the state of Kuwait: between regulation, local understanding, and practice," 2022. figshare.com [3] A. Laallam, S. Kassim, and E. R. Engku Ali, "Intellectual capital in non-profit organisations: lessons learnt for waqf institutions," *ISRA International Journal*, 2020. emerald.com [4] E. Akullo and Y. Wanjala, "The Non-Profit Making Organisations (NPOs) and the Dilemma of Combating Transnational Crimes in a Digitalized Era: Emerging Perspectives of NPO Actors from …," Journal of Central and Eastern …, 2023. uni-obuda.hu [5] A. M. T. Fowler, "The counter-terrorist finance legal framework: the impact of regulatory compliance on relationships between charities and financial institutions," Journal of Financial Crime, 2022. [HTML] [6] C. Singh and W. Lin, "Can artificial intelligence, RegTech and CharityTech provide effective solutions for anti-money laundering and counter-terror financing initiatives in charitable …," Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2021. westminster.ac.uk [7] K. Williams-Pulfer, "Muslim philanthropy and civil society in the Caribbean and The Bahamas," Philanthropy in the Muslim World, 2023. [HTML] [8] A. A. Dashti, T. K. Gaither, A. Al-Kandari, and H. A. Murad, "Women's activism as public relations in a patriarchal society: The case of Kuwait," Public Relations, 2023. [HTML] [9] K. Kamøy, "Diversity of Law in the United Arab Emirates: Privacy, Security, and the Legal System," 2020. [HTML] [10] M. M. Raheem, "A concept for funding universal basic income through a “National Waqf” Scheme," 2021. effatuniversity.edu.sa [11] K. Paudel, "EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PROGRAM IN NEPAL, COMPARISON TO OTHER REGIONS, CHALLENGES AND …," 2022. semmelweis.hu [12] E. Fletcher, C. Larkin, and S. Corbet, "Countering money laundering and terrorist financing: A case for bitcoin regulation," Research in International Business and …, Elsevier, 2021. ssrn.com [13] S. Kashyap, "The drivers and dynamics of money laundering mechanisms: the case of India," 2021. city.ac.uk [14] L. van Broekhoven and S. Goswami, "Can stakeholder dialogues help solve financial access restrictions faced by non-profit organizations that stem from countering terrorism financing standards and …," International Review of the Red, 2021. [HTML] [15] M. A. Naheem, "Presenting a legal and regulatory analysis of the United Arab Emirates' past, present and future legislation on combating money laundering (ML) and terrorist …," Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2023. [HTML] [16] M. Adeel and R. Alfahad, "Towards an equitable transport system in Kuwait: understanding the social and cultural context of transport accessibility," 2021. lse.ac.uk [17] J. Smith, "Dirty Money and Disorderly Homes: Civil Forfeiture, Vice Police, and Illicit Capital in Philadelphia," 2021. [HTML] [18] L. Ruoqi, "China's Charity Law 2016: Rethinking the Relationship between the State and the Non-Profit Sector," China: An International Journal, 2021. academia.edu [19] Y. O. Pronina, V. V. Bogdan, and O. B. Novruzova, "Foresight: outlook for the legal framework of the national legal system in the future," Scientific and Technical, Springer, 2020. [HTML] [20] A. M. Toirxonovna and U. T. Obloqulovich, "Institutional Framework for the Development of the Tourism Market," *of Law and Economics*, 2020. umsida.ac.id [21] L. Losada-Puente, J. A. Blanco, A. Dumitru, and I. Sebos, "Cross-case analysis of the energy communities in Spain, Italy, and Greece: progress, barriers, and the road ahead," Sustainability, 2023. mdpi.com [22] M. A. Naheem, "The State of Kuwait's anti-money laundering & combatting terrorist financing infrastructure and performance evaluation," Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2020. [HTML] [23] H. S. Alhussein and M. S. A. Alenaze, "Legal Status of Corporate Social Responsibility in GCC countries with special reference to Bahrain," Journal of Ecohumanism, 2024. ecohumanism.co.uk [24] M. A. Leichtman, "Kuwaiti Humanitarianism: The History and Expansion of Kuwait's Foreign Assistance Policies," 2022. stimson.org [25] M. A. Leichtman, "Humanitarian Sovereignty, Exceptional Muslims, and the Transnational Making of Kuwaiti Citizens," Ethnography, 2023. [HTML] [26] K. S. Al-Rashidi, "'Indirect Method of Proof'and the Kuwaiti Anti-Money Laundering Law: A Lesson from the UK," Criminal Law Forum, 2021. [HTML] [27] H. Alfahad, "Public Financial Crimes: A Critical Analysis of the Role of Kuwaiti Criminal and Regulatory Agencies in the Investigation Process," 2021. qub.ac.uk [28] J. Nicholls, A. Kuppa, and N. A. Le-Khac, "Financial cybercrime: A comprehensive survey of deep learning approaches to tackle the evolving financial crime landscape," Ieee Access, 2021. ieee.org [29] M. A. Rashid, A. Al-Mamun, and H. Roudaki, "An overview of corporate fraud and its prevention approach," Business and Finance, 2022. researchgate.net [30] K. Bauer and M. Levitt, "Funding in Place: Local Financing Trends Behind Today's Global Terrorist Threat," 2020. washingtoninstitute.org [31] K. Ahmed and S. N. Romaniuk, "Canada's counter-terrorism measures: Implications for human security, civil society, and charities," Counter-terrorism and civil society, 2021. [HTML] [32] N. N. Sirait and L. H. Y. Rangkuti, "Non-Profit Organisations (NPOs) As Media for Money Laundering Crimes," in Countering The Financing of Terrorism, 2023. ppatk.go.id [33] R. Bateson, "The politics of vigilantism," Comparative Political Studies, 2021. sagepub.com [34] J. E. Arnetz, C. M. Goetz, S. Sudan, and E. Arble, "Personal protective equipment and mental health symptoms among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic," in … of Occupational and …, 2020. [HTML] [35] S. Khan, M. Khan, K. Maqsood, T. Hussain, "Is Pakistan prepared for the COVID‐19 epidemic? A questionnaire‐based survey," Journal of Medical, 2020. nih.gov [36] M. A. Siddique, H. Nobanee, and O. F. Atayah, "Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing disclosure by money exchange providers in the GCC countries," in *Journal of Money Laundering Control*, 2022. ssrn.com [37] A. Albagieh, "Non-profit organisations' capacity-building in small cities: exploring current practices, challenges and opportunities in central Saudi Arabia," 2022. manchester.ac.uk [38] S. A. Bin-Nashwan, A. Sarea, M. Al-Daihani, and A. B. Ado, "Fundraising appeals for the covid-19 epidemic fight: A cross-country study of donor responses," Sustainability, 2022. mdpi.com [39] S. AlShamali and S. AlMutairi, "Determinants of Zakat donor behavior in a Gulf state," Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2023. researchgate.net [40] N. Glaveli, "Corporate social responsibility toward stakeholders and customer loyalty: Investigating the roles of trust and customer identification with the company," Social Responsibility Journal, 2021. [HTML] [41] R. Soltani, U. T. Nguyen, and A. An, "A Survey of Self‐Sovereign Identity Ecosystem," Security and Communication, 2021. wiley.com [42] J. P. Cornelissen and O. Akemu, "Building character: The formation of a hybrid organizational identity in a social enterprise," Journal of ..., 2021. wiley.com [43] M. Shuaib, N. H. Hassan, and S. Usman, "Self‐Sovereign Identity Solution for Blockchain Based Land Registry System: A Comparison," Mobile Information, 2022. wiley.com [44] O. Dib and B. Rababah, "Decentralized identity systems: Architecture, challenges, solutions and future directions," Annals of Emerging Technologies in..., 2020. theiaer.org [45] N. Kapsoulis, A. Psychas, G. Palaiokrassas, and A. Marinakis, "Know your customer (KYC) implementation with smart contracts on a privacy-oriented decentralized architecture," Future Internet, 2020. mdpi.com [46] P. Pauwels, "zkKYC: A solution concept for KYC without knowing your customer, leveraging self-sovereign identity and zero-knowledge proofs," Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2021. iacr.org [47] E. A. Akartuna, S. D. Johnson, and A. E. Thornton, "The money laundering and terrorist financing risks of new and disruptive technologies: a futures-oriented scoping review," Security Journal, 2023. springer.com [48] E. A. Akartuna, S. D. Johnson, and A. Thornton, "Preventing the money laundering and terrorist financing risks of emerging technologies: An international policy Delphi study," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2022. ucl.ac.uk [49] M. J. Segovia-Vargas, "Money laundering and terrorism financing detection using neural networks and an abnormality indicator," Expert Systems with Applications, 2021. sciencedirect.com [50] N. A. Al-Suwaidi and H. Nobanee, "Anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing: a survey of the existing literature and a future research agenda," Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2021. researchgate.net [51] N. Sultan and N. Mohamed, "Challenges for financial institutes in implementing robust customer due diligence in Pakistan," Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2023. [HTML] [52] J. Hartmann-Boyce, E. Morris, C. Goyder, and J. Kinton, "Diabetes and COVID-19: risks, management, and learnings from other national disasters," Diabetes Care, 2020. [53] J. Schuett, "Risk management in the artificial intelligence act," European Journal of Risk Regulation, 2024. cambridge.org [54] J. M. Farber, M. Zwietering, M. Wiedmann, and D. Schaffner, "Alternative approaches to the risk management of Listeria monocytogenes in low risk foods," *Food Control*, 2021. sciencedirect.com [55] W. Saffady, "Records and information management: fundamentals of professional practice," 2021. emi.gov.et [56] S. L. Nottingham, T. M. Kasamatsu, "Aspects of technology that influence athletic trainers' current patient care documentation strategies in the secondary school," Journal of Athletic …, 2020. allenpress.com [57] B. Corry, L. J. Cremer, C. Donnelly, and W. M. Sargent Jr., "Changes in opioid prescribing and prescription drug monitoring program utilization following electronic health record integration—Massachusetts, 2018," Pain, 2024. oup.com [58] A. B. Thrasher and S. E. Walker, "Newly credentialed athletic trainers' onboarding process during the transition to practice," Journal of Athletic, 2024. allenpress.com [59] M. Alwasmi and A. Alderbas, "Should Corporate Social Responsibility Around The World be Mandatory or Voluntary?," Comparative Law Review, 2021. umk.pl [60] D. Alduaij, "Ensuring Shariah compliance in Islamic financial institutions as an essential interest of shareholders," 2020. cardiff.ac.uk [61] S. Al-Shamali and M. Kashif, "Intentions and donations: monetary charity in Kuwait during the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business, 2024. researchgate.net [62] A. Alfouzan, "Facilitating Corporate Social Responsibility through Company Law: A Middle-Ground Proposition for Kuwait.," 2020. essex.ac.uk [63] J. Kancherla, "Terrorism Financing: Al-Qaeda and ISIS," Available at SSRN 3750495, 2020. ssrn.com [64] W. Health Organization, "Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases: Interim guidance, 17 January 2020," 2020. google.com [65] W. Health Organization, "Patient safety incident reporting and learning systems: technical report and guidance," 2020. who.int [66] N. Saxena, E. Hayes, E. Bertino, P. Ojo, and K. K. R. Choo, "Impact and key challenges of insider threats on organizations and critical businesses," Electronics, 2020. mdpi.com [67] W. Health Organization, "COVID-19 vaccines: safety surveillance manual: module on safety surveillance of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant and breastfeeding women," 2021. who.int [68] D. K. Webb, R. W. Tarun, and S. F. Molo, "Corporate internal investigations," 2024. [HTML] [69] M. Alawida, A. E. Omolara, and O. I. Abiodun, "A deeper look into cybersecurity issues in the wake of Covid-19: A survey," Journal of King Saud, 2022. sciencedirect.com [70] A. Ahmad, S. B. Maynard, K. C. Desouza, J. Kotsias, "How can organizations develop situation awareness for incident response: A case study of management practice," Computers & …, 2021. qut.edu.au [71] A. Šurković, "Criminal investigation of money laundering in the practice of the financial intelligence unit of the state investigation and protection agency," Praxis International Journal of Social Science and …, 2021. researchgate.net [72] D. Benton and N. Ryder, "Terrorism Financing, the United Kingdom, and the Financial Action Task Force: A Series of Omissions or Missed Opportunities?," Sustainable Finance and Financial Crime, 2023. [HTML] [73] H. S. Gowhor, "The existing financial intelligence tools and their limitations in early detection of terrorist financing activities," Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2022. [HTML] [74] S. V. Patel, "Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Typologies That Reduce Financial Crime Risks," 2023. waldenu.edu [75] M. A. Zia, R. Z. Abbas, and N. Arshed, "Money laundering and terror financing: issues and challenges in Pakistan," Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2022. researchgate.net [76] M. S. Borgia and M. La Torre, "Anti-money laundering in banks: towards a model for training evaluation," Management, 2022. davidpublisher.com [77] K. S. Al-Rashidi, "Combating corruption in the Middle East: a socio-legal study of Kuwait," 2021. archive.org [78] V. Bandari, "Enterprise data security measures: a comparative review of effectiveness and risks across different industries and organization types," Journal of Business Intelligence and Big Data, 2023. tensorgate.org [79] A. L. Wright, K. Sonin, J. Driscoll, and J. Wilson, "Poverty and economic dislocation reduce compliance with COVID-19 shelter-in-place protocols," *Economic Behavior & Organization*, 2020. nih.gov [80] B. Sibanyoni, "Investigating non-compliance with corporate governance principles on material losses in selected business organizations," 2021. nwu.ac.za [81] N. Alkiviadou, J. Mchangama, et al., "Global handbook on hate speech laws," The Future of Free Speech, 2020. futurefreespeech.com [82] V. Muntarbhorn, P. Moolsilpa, and P. Wanichsetakul, "Study on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred: Lessons from the Asia Pacific Region," _en. pdf, 17-Jun-2010, 2021. ohchr.org [83] M. Ali, L. Y. Deng, and M. K. Khalid, "Legality of Blasphemy in Islam: A brief Comparison of Legislations around the World," Islamic Quarterly, . iccuk.org [84] E. Moret, "A lifeline under threat?: Syrian household remittances in light of sanctions, financial sector de-risking, COVID-19, and regional developments," 2021. [85] D. Nurahman, W. A. A. Reny, and D. Desmon, "… of Indonesian Collaboration with International Organizations in Terms of Cooperation and Exchange of Information on Economic Crime and Money Laundering," International, 2023. atlantis-press.com [86] G. Pavlidis, "Financial information in the context of anti-money laundering: Broadening the access of law enforcement and facilitating information exchanges," Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2020. ssrn.com [87] M. Canfield, M. D. Anderson, and P. McMichael, "UN Food Systems Summit 2021: Dismantling democracy and resetting corporate control of food systems," Frontiers in Sustainable, 2021. frontiersin.org [88] Q. Miao, S. Schwarz, and G. Schwarz, "Responding to COVID-19: Community volunteerism and coproduction in China," World development, 2021. nih.gov [89] R. Miković, D. Petrović, M. Mihić, and V. Obradović, "The integration of social capital and knowledge management–The key challenge for international development and cooperation projects of nonprofit organizations," International Journal of ..., 2020. [HTML]
| ||||
|
Statistics Article View: 78 PDF Download: 39 |
||||
