Earthen architecture of Sheikh Al-Arab Hammam Citadel (18th Century), Egypt: Assessing deterioration with conservation recommendations | ||||
| Shedet | ||||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 July 2025 | ||||
| Document Type: research articles | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/shedet.2025.355966.1284 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Author | ||||
Amr Mohamed Abdelsattar Osman  
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| Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| This pioneering research examines the deterioration aspects and causative factors impacting Sheikh Al-Arab Hammam Citadel, an eighteenth-century mudbrick structure. The study aims to evaluate the current condition of the citadel’s mud structures and surrounding environment to develop sound preservation recommendations for future generations. The investigation encompassed both macro and micro levels, employing methods such as visual examination, stereomicroscopy, polarizing microscopy, Scanning Electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, grain size distribution analysis, and chemical analysis including determination of calcium carbonate and loss of ignition. The results revealed that the earthen architecture of the citadel has experienced gradually slow deterioration, contributing to the relative preservation of its buildings. The examination identified basal erosion in specific areas, significant cracks necessitating urgent intervention, and walls at risk of collapse. Despite these issues, the building material demonstrated substantial strength and cohesion, making them viable compatible candidates for evaluation and potential reuse in the reconstruction of brick units. The study also highlighted the detrimental impact of biological damage caused by wasp nests. Finally, the research provides a series of critical recommendations to ensure the preservation of the citadel for future generations. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Sheikh Al-Arab Hammam Citadel; Mudbrick; Condition assessment, Conservation, Material characterization | ||||
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