Epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of Influenza H3N2: Implications for vaccine development and viral surveillance | ||||
| Microbes and Infectious Diseases | ||||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 July 2025 | ||||
| Document Type: Review Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/mid.2025.376394.2708 | ||||
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| Authors | ||||
Gunjan Prakash1; Vikas Garhwal2; Jeet Kumar Ghosh1; NITESH SINGH  3; Jutishna Bora4; Sumira Malik4; Sarvesh Rustagi5; Shailendra Thapliyal6; Manoj Kumar Sharma7
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| 1Department of Pharmacy, Usha Martin University, Ranchi, 835103, Jharkhand, India | ||||
| 2Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal, India | ||||
| 3Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India | ||||
| 4Amity institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. | ||||
| 5Department of Food Technology, School of Agriculture, Maya Devi University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. | ||||
| 6Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun | ||||
| 7Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur-303329, Rajasthan, India. | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Background: Influenza is a contagious viral respiratory infection that could cause huge morbidity and mortality, especially in high-hazard populations along with the elderly, young children, and people with underlying fitness situations. The worldwide burden of influenza is sizeable, with millions of instances and hundreds of deaths every year. Preventive measures like vaccines and antiviral medicinal drugs are available, but their effectiveness can be hindered by factors such as limited vaccine efficacy, the emergence of antiviral resistance, and public reluctance toward vaccination. Analyzing influenza can be challenging due to its symptom overlapping with other respiratory diseases and the limitations of current diagnostic tools. The frequent antigenic drift and high mutation rates, which contribute to reduced vaccine efficacy and complicate seasonal vaccine formulation. This study aims to understand the epidemiological and evolutionary patterns of Influenza H3N2, enhancing our knowledge of influenza. Our review highlights the dynamic interplay between viral evolution and host immunity and emphasizes adaptive strategies in vaccine formulation and public health responses to mitigate H3N2-associated morbidity and mortality. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Influenza; Vaccine Development; Antiviral Resistance; vaccine efficacy | ||||
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