Efficient Removal of Basic Blue 3 from Aqueous Solutions Using Moroccan Clay : Adsorption Mechanism, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Regeneration, and Phytotoxicity Assessment | ||||
| Egyptian Journal of Chemistry | ||||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 July 2025 | ||||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejchem.2025.387607.11802 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Author | ||||
ZAROUALA AHMED 
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| Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering (LAMPE), Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, P.O. Box 1246, Kenitra, Morocco | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| This study investigates the potential of a natural Moroccan clay (ANM) as a low-cost adsorbent for removing Basic Blue 3 (BB3), a cationic dye, from aqueous solutions. ANM was characterized using XRF, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and pH-pzc analysis. Batch adsorption experiments evaluated the effects of pH (3–12), adsorbent dose (50–350 mg), contact time (0–180 min), initial dye concentration (25–200 mg/L), and temperature (298–338 K) on adsorption performance. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.997), indicating heterogeneous multilayer adsorption, while kinetic results followed a pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.999), suggesting chemisorption. Thermodynamic parameters confirmed a spontaneous and endothermic process. The maximum experimental adsorption capacity (Qmax) was 59.43 mg/g at 298 K. Additionally, adsorption efficiency was evaluated via a germination assay on durum wheat seeds to assess the treated water’s phytotoxicity. Regeneration studies demonstrated the material’s reusability over four adsorption–desorption cycles, with desorption efficiency decreasing from 59.62% to 25.48%. These results underline ANM’s potential as an effective, eco-friendly, and low-cost adsorbent for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment applications. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Adsorption; Moroccan clay; Basic Blue 3; Kinetics; Thermodynamics; Regeneration; Phytotoxicity | ||||
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