Anemia and Bone Health: Exploring the Interrelationship with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hormonal Dysregulation | ||
| Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 July 2025 | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/jbaar.2025.379698.1194 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Sabhan I Alsaado* ; zena aljawadi | ||
| chemistry, science, university of Mosul | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) really throws a wrench in how kidneys function, especially when it comes to making red blood cells and controlling blood pressure and fluid balance. This is mainly due to problems with key hormones. The kidneys produce several hormones that help keep everything in check, like erythropoietin (EPO), renin, angiotensin II (ANG II), and aldosterone hormone (ADH). In this study, we checked how hormone levels change in people with CKD compared to healthy individuals to get a clearer picture of kidney health. We measured the levels of EPO, renin, ANG II, and ADH in both CKD patients and healthy controls. We also looked at kidney function by checking serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, along with electrolyte levels. The results revealed that EPO levels were much lower in CKD patients, which explains why they often experience anemia. Conversely, we found that renin, ANG II, and ADH were all higher than normal. This suggests the body is trying to cope with kidney issues by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This response leads to extra fluid and sodium being retained, worsening high blood pressure and fluid overload, which only complicates kidney problems. Higher creatinine and BUN levels also showed that the kidneys are having a tough time filtering waste. Overall, these findings shed light on the hormonal issues in CKD and how they contribute to the disease and related health concerns. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Erythropoiesis; Renin-Angiotensin system; Renal impairment; Fluid Overload | ||
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