Detection and molecular characterization of bla (NDM) and bla (KPC) in bloodstream isolates from renal failure patients in Iraq, Baghdad | ||||
| Microbes and Infectious Diseases | ||||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 July 2025 | ||||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/mid.2025.400820.2989 | ||||
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| Authors | ||||
Marwa M. Ismael  ; Amal A. Hussein
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| Department of Biotechnology, College of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Iraq | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Background: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a significant concern in individuals with kidney failure (particularly those who are dialysis-dependent), who have weakened immune systems and who are in and out of hospitals all the time. Infections with carbapenem-resistant strains are worrysome, because there are limited therapeutic alternatives. Aim: This work was designed to identify the most two common resistance genes (blaKPC) and blaNDM in blood culture of bacteria of the dialysis patients in Baghdad. Methods: A total of 333 blood samples from renal failure patients of three hospitals in Baghdad were collected from November 2023 to March 2025. The identification of bacterial species and their resistance patterns was performed using the culture and antibiogram technique. Twenty-eight carbapenem-resistant strains were selected for additional molecular studies. Bacterial DNA was extracted and blaNDM and blaKPC genes were identified by PCR and confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Results: Out of 28 isolate 13 (46.4%) were positive for bla(NDM), 6 (21.4%) were bla(KPC) gene and 1 E. coli isolate was co-positive for both. Overall, the leading pathogen was Gram-negative bacteria including E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Interestingly, bla(NDM) was also identified in Gram-positive cocci such as S. aureus, Enterococcus spp., indicating horizontal gene transfer between different species. Conclusion: The detection of both blaNDM and blaKPC, and in particular the high prevalence of blaNDM, has significant implications in the early identification of the resistance genes, enforcement of infection control maneuvers and changes in antibiotics regimen to prevent and manage resistant infections in the dialysis unit patients. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Antimicrobial resistance (AMR); t Enterobacteriaceae (CRE); Bloodstream infections (BSIs); Renal Disease | ||||
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