IMPACT OF THREONINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWING JAPANESE QUAIL PERFORMANCE.

 

I.M.M. Assaf; A.M.A. Torkia, I.A.Azazi and E.E.M.El-Sysy

Animal Production Reseasrch Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt

 

ABSTRACT:

This study was carried out to investigate the impacts of threonine(Thr) supplementation on growing Japanese quail performance. A total number of  the experimental birds was 405 at 7 days of age. Japanese quails were divided into nine treatment groups (45 birds in each). Each treatment group contained three replicates ( 15 birds in each). Threonine supplementation levels to basal diet were (0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40% to form 9  experimental diet groups. The  results showed that

1-      Growth performance: No significant difference among dietary treatments in LBW and LBWG values during all periods (7-21, 22-42 and 7-42 days of age), FI during the period from 7-42 days of age and FC during the periods (21-42 and 7-42 days of age) were observed. Significant  effects on FI during the periods (7-21 and 21-42 days of age) and FC during the period from 7-21 days of age were observed. Quails fed (basal diet +0.20% threonine supplementation (diet 5) had better FC value during the period from 7-42 days of age.

2-      Slaughter parameters: Feeding different levels of threonine supplementation insignificantly affected slaughter parameters of Japanese quails, expect, breast perimenter length (cm). Quails fed basal diet + 0.40% threonine supplementation (diet 9) had higher breast perimenter length (cm).

3-      Economical efficiency: Quails fed basal diet + 0.05% threonine supplementation (diet 2) gave the best economical and relative efficiency values being 2.779 and 111.56 %, respectively followed by quails fed basal diet + 0.2% threonine supplementation (diet 5) (2.776 and 111.44% respectively) when compared with control diet or other dietary treatments.

4-      Chemical analysis (moisture, Cp and amino acids)% of breast Japanese quail meat: It shows no significant effect on moisture, protein and amino acids % of quails meats. However, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40% supplemented Thr showed the highest protein % (as dry matter) were 82.55, 81.95 and 80.10 % Also, moisture % decreased as dietary threonine increased up to 0.35% Thr supplemented. Overall, as dietary threonine supplementation breast meat of Japanese quails content of Thr increase with no significant differences.

5-      It can be concluded that breast perimenter length gets better as dietary threonine supplementation increase, also, supplementation of 0.05% threonine improved economic efficiency percentages and gave the net profit.

        Keywords: Corn-soybean , threonine levels,  carcass, economical parameters, Japanese quails

 

 

INTRODUCTION

            Quail is the smallest avian species raised for meat and egg production (Panda and Singh, 1990) and as a laboratory animals (Baymgartner, 1990). Threonine may be the third limiting amino acid after methionine and lysine in diets, composed primarily of ground yellow corn and soybean meal, for broiler chickens (Han et al., 1992; Frenandez et al., 1994 and Kidd et al.,1997). Threonine and tryptophan are the third or fourth limiting amino acids, after methionine and lysine, in most diets composed of corn and soybean or peanut meal for broiler chickens (Rogers and Pesti, 1990; Dozier et al., 2000 and Rosa et al., 2001 a & b), but there is very little information on the threonine requirements of quails. The NRC (1994) recommendation for threonine is 1.02% of diet for Japanese quails during the starting and growing periods. Davis and Austic (1982) reported that the addition of threonine increased growth and feed efficiency in 8 to 21 day old chicks. Ferguson et al. (2000) reported that, growth rate increased and feed intake decreased as dietary levels of threonine increased. On the other hand, UZU (1986) found that, additional threonine supplementation produced no further improvements in gain or feed conversion.

            In practice, standards of threonine and other amino acids requirements are usually given for optimum performance in different feeding phases. Less information is available on the threonine requirements, carcass and chemical composition of Japanese quail meat (Webel et al., 1996).

            Although, many studies are available on broilers and chickens, little on growing Japanese quail is available concerning this amino acid on breast meat and growth performance.

            Thus, the objectives of this work were to study the effect of dietary threonine levels on the growth performance traits of Japanese quails, as well as, economic efficiency, under environmental Egyptian condition.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

            The present experiment was carried out at Inshas Poultry Research Station and Poultry Nutrition Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt during the year 2008. A total number of 405 unsexed 7 days old Japanese quails were distributed into 9 treatments of 45 birds each in three replicates (15 birds each). Diets were formulated  to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric containing 24% CP corn-soyabean diet and 2905 kcal ME/kg diet during the growing period (Table 1).

The experimental treatments were as follows:-

Treat.₁ Birds were fed the basal diet (without threonine supplementation),

          which contain 0.94% threonine (diet ₁).

Treat.₂ basal diet + 0.05% threonine (diet ₂).

Treat₃ basal diet + 0.1% threonine (diet ₃).

Treat. ₄ basal diet + 0.15% threonine (diet ₄).

Treat. ₅ basal diet  + 0.2% threonine (diet ₅).

Treat. ₆ basal diet  + 0.25% threonine (diet ₆).

Treat.₇ basal diet  + 0.30% threonine (diet ₇).

Treat. ₈ basal diet  + 0.35% threonine (diet ₈).

Treat. ₉ basal diet  + 0.40 % threonine (diet ₉).

The experimental diets were supplemented with minerals and vitamins mixture to cover the recommended requirements according to NRC, 1994. Threonine used in present study was obtained from Degussa company, Germany. Quails were individually weighed to the nearest gram at (7, 21 and 42 days of age). Birds were raised in electrically heated batteries with raised wire mesh floors and had a free access to feed and water. The birds were reared under similar environmental conditions and were fed the experimental diets from 7 days until 42 days of age. At the same time live body weight and feed consumption were recorded and feed conversion (g feed /g gain) and body weight gain were calculated. At the end of the growing period (42 days of age), slaughter tests were performed (3 males and 3 females) birds of each treatment. Birds were individually weighted to the nearest gram and slaughtered by severing the jugular vein. Feather weight was calculated. Carcass, dressing, whole front, whole rear and giblets (empty gizzard, liver and heart) were weighed and their percentages to live body weight were calculated. Breast thickness, perimeter and keel length (cm) were calculated. Breast meat samples were secured at 42 days of age from one bird per treatment chosen randomly to determine amino acids, protein and moisture according to A. O. A. C. methods (2005).

           

Table 1: Composition and analyses of the basal experimental diet.

*Supplied per kg of diet: vit A, 12000 IU, Vit. D3 2200 IU; Vit. E, 10 mg: Vit. K, 2mg; Vit B₁, 1mg: Vit. B₂, 3 mg; Vit. B₆, 1.5 mg; Vit. B₁₂, 10mg; Nicotinic acid, 30 mg; Folic acid, 1 mg; Pantothenic acid, 10 mg; Biotin, 50mg; Choline chloride, 250 mg; Copper, 10 mg; Iron, 30 mg; Manganese, 60 mg; Zinc, 50mg; Iodine, 1 mg, Selenium, 0.1 mg Coblat, 0.1 mg.

**According to NRC (1994)

 

Economical efficiency for meat production, the amount of feed consumed during the entire experimental periods was obtained and multiplied by the price of one kg of each experimental diet which was estimated based upon local current prices at the experimental time.

Data were analyzed according to statistical analysis system user’s Guide (SAS 1996). Separation among means was carried out using Duncan’s multiple range test (Duncan, 1955).

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

Live body weight (LBW) and live body weight gain (LBWG):

            Results presented in Table 2 reveled no significant difference among dietary treatments in LBW and LBWG values during the periods (7-21 days), (22-42 days) and (7-2 days) post hatch were observed. On the other hand, lower LBW and LBWG values were recorded with the quails fed control diet at the end of the growing period (42 days of age). However quails fed basal diet + 0.4 (%) threonine (9 ^th diet ) (Maximum addition of THR in the experiment) had high LBW and LBWG values at 42 days of age (end of the experiment). These results are agreement with those obtained by Ojano et al. (2002) who reported that, threonine levels (0.78 and 0.87, %) had no significant effect on body weight and gain for male broilers at 3-6 week old. Morales et al. (1994) found that addition 0.03 or 0.06 (%) threonine to diets containing at least 0.78 or 0.79 (%) total threonine did not improve performance of broiler chickens from 0 to 4 weeks old. Kidd et al. (1996) found that threonine supplementation did not show any significant linear or quadratic responses with respect to body weight from 1 to 56 days of age for broiler chickens. Trindade et al. (1999) reported that threonine levels had no effect on performance for broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. Smith and Waldroup (1988) reported that, weight gain was not improved further by additional dietary threonine of male broiler chickens from 7-20 days of age.

Feed intake (FI) and feed conversion (FC):

            The data of Table 2 indicated that feeding different levels of threonine supplementation significantly (P £ 0.05) affected FI during the period from 7-21 days of age. Quails fed basal diet + 0.05 (%) threonine (diet 2) had lower FI during the period from 7-21 days of age. However, results in Table 3 indicated that feeding different levels of threonine supplementation insignificantly affected FI during the period from 22 - 42 or 7-42 days of age and FC during the periods from 7-21, 22-42 or 7-42 days of age. Quails fed control diet + 0.15 (%) thronine (4 ^th diet ) had lower FI (11.98 g feed per day) value, while, quails fed 0.20 (%) threonine (5 ^th diet) had better FC (2.94 feed / g gain) values, respectively during the periods from 7-42 days of age. These results may be due to the high LBW and LBWG values, which were recorded for this group, during the same period. These results agree with the findings of Nadeem et al. (2004) found that supplementation of L-threonine to the basal diet improved feed consumption in both starting and growing birds. A significant increase in feed gain ratios in the starting phase was also observed. Holsheimer et al.(1994) reported that, improvements in feed / gain ratio were obtained when dietary threonine content was increased to 7.25 g/kg for male broiler chickens from 7-21 days of age. Kidd et al. (2001) reported that increasing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

dietary threonine from 6.0 to 7.0 g/ kg diet improved feed intake for broiler chicks from 5 to 15 days of age. Ciftci and Ceylan (2004) reported that increasing threonine supplementation improved feed intake of the periods from 0-3 and 3-6 weeks of age for broiler chickens.

            While, these results disagree with those obtained by Kidd et al. (2001) who found that, increasing dietary threonine from 6.0 to 7.0 g/kg diet improved body weight gain during the period from 5 to 15 days of age for broiler chicks. Dozier et al. (2000) reported that increasing threonine from 0.56 to 0.74 (%) improved growth rate during 42 to 56 days of age in male broilers.

Slaughter parameters:

            Percentage of carcass, dressing, whole front, whole rear, giblets and feather of live body weight were not significantly affected by different experimental diets (Table 3). The highest carcass, dressing whole front and whole rear% were observed from quails fed the basal diet + 0.10% threonine supplementation (diet 3).These results are generally in agreement with those reported by kidd et al. (1996) who found that, no significant differences were observed in 42 day carcass characteristics for methionine supplementation of broiler chickens. Trindade et al. (1999) reported that, threonine levels had no effect on carcass traits Dozier et al. (2000) found that, increasing dietary threonine did not alter carcass yield of broiler chickens Dozier et al. (2001) reported that, dietary threonine concentration did not influence chilled carcass yield. Kidd et al. (2003) found that threonine had minmal effects on carcass attributes.

Breast diameter:

            The breast diameter of different experimental treatments are listed in Table 3. Breast thickness (cm) and keel length (cm) were not significantly affected by different dietary treatments. However quail fed 0.10(%) threonine diets had significantly (P£ 0.05) higher of breast perimeter (cm) compared to those fed other diets.

Generally, the highest breast thichness, perimeter and keel length (cm) values were observed for quails fed the basal diet + 0.40 (%) threonine supplementation (9^th diet )These results are in agreement with those reported by Ciftci and Ceylan (2004) who found that, incremental increases in dietary threonine increased breast yield of broiler chickens. Corzo et at. (2003) reported that, breast meat improved in a linear manner with increasing dietary threonine of female broilers.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chemical analysis of breast Japanese quail meat: (Moisture, crude protein and amino acids):

            Results in Table 4 show the chemical analysis of breast Japanese quail meat as affected by threonine supplementation levels: As dietary Thr supplemented level increased moisture (%) decreased up to 0.35(%) supplemented Thr also, meat chemical composition of Thr increased. However, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40 (%) Thr supplemented treatments showed the highest protein percentage (as dry matter) were 82.55, 81.95 and 80.10 (%). These findings are in a good agreements with those obtained by Corzo et al. (2003) who investigated that carcass, as well as, breast meat improved in linear manner with increasing dietary Thr. On other hand, Ojano and Waldroup (2002) reported that there was a significant interaction of Lysine and threonine on breast yield. Also, Kidd et al. (1997) reported that lysine and threonine interact to increase live weight gain and breast fillet yields. Bae et al. (1999) reported that threonine content of chick muscle was 4.02%. Thr. addition did not influence carcass composition (Reginatto et al., 2000).

 

Economic efficiency:

            Results in Table 5 show the EEF value, during the period from 7-42 days of age. Quails fed basal diet + 0.05 (%) threonine ( 2^nd diet ) had the best economical and relative efficiency values being 2.779 and 111.56 (%), respectively when compared with the other treatments.

Conclusively, from these results it could be concluded that threonine supplementation at level 0.05 (%) improved growth performance traits, net revenue economic efficiency and relative economic efficiency.

 

REFERENCES

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Corzo, A. M.; T. Kidd and B. J. Kerr (2003). Threonine need of growing female broilers. Journal of Poultry Science, 6:367- 371.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Dozier, W. A.; E. T. Moran and T. Kidd (2001). Male and female broiler responses to low and adequate dietary threonine on nitrogen and energy balance. Poultry Science, 80: 926-930.

Dozier, W.A.; E. T. Moran and M. T. Kidd. (2000). Threonine requirement of broiler males from 42 to 56 d in a summer environment. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 9:496-500.

Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F test. Biometrics, 11:1-42.

Ferguson, N.S.; G. A. Arnold, G. Lavers and R.M. Gous. (2000). The response of growing pigs to amino acids as influenced by environmental temperature- 1. Threonine. Journal of Animal Science, 70:287-297.

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 Kidd, M.T.; C.D. Zumwalt; S.J. Barber; W. A. A. Dozier; D.W. Chamblee and C. Wiernusz (2003). Threonine responses of female cobb 500 broilers from days 42 to 56. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 12:130-136.

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Ojano- Dirain, C.P. and P. W. Waldroup (2002). Evaluation of lysine, methionine and threonine needs of broilers three to six week of age under moderate temperature stress.  Journal of  Poultry  Science, 1: 16- 21.

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تأثیر إضافة الثریونین للعلیقة على أداء السمان الیابانی

 

إبراهیم محمد معوض عساف-  عبد الباقی محمود أحمد ترکیا-إبراهیم عاطف عزازی-  السید السید محمد السیسی

معهد بحوث الإنتاج الحیوانی- مرکز البحوث الزراعیة- الجیزة- مصر

 

تهدف الدراسیة إلى دراسة تأثیر إضافة الثریونین على أداء السمان الیابانی. فی هذا البحث استخدام عدد 405 کتکوت سمان عمر 7 أیام قسمت إلى 9 معاملات (45 طائر/ معاملة) وبکل معاملة ثلاث مکررات (15 طائر/ مکررة) وذلک بإضافة الثریونین بمعدل (صفر، 0.05، 0.10، 0.15، 0.20، 0.25، 0.30، 0.35، 0.40%) إلى العلیقة، وکانت هناک 9  معاملات وعلائق تجریبیة:

وتتلخص النتائج المتحصل علیهما فیما یلی:

1- لم یکن هناک أی تأثیر معنوی بین المعاملات بالنسبة لوزن الجسم الحی ومعدل الزیادة فی وزن الجسم خلال کل الفترات (من 7-21 یوم و من 22 – 42 یوم ومن 7- 42 یوم) وکذلک الغذاء المأکول خلال الفترة من 7-42 یوم وأیضاً معدل تحویل الغذاء خلال الفترتین من 21-42 یوم ومن 7-42 یوم. بینما کان هناک تأثیر معنوی إستهلاک الغذاء خلال الفترتین من 7-21 یوم و 21-42 یوم وأیضا معامل تحویل الغذاء فی الفترة من 7-21 یوم. أظهر السمان المغذی على العلیقة الأساسیة مضاف إلیها 0.2% ثریونین (علیقة 5) أحسن قیمة لمعدل تحویل الغذاء خلال الفترة من 7-42 یوم.

2- لم یکن هناک أی تأثیر معنوی بین المعاملات على صفات الذبیحة بالنسبة للسمان الیابانی المغذی على مستویات مختلفة من الثریونین ما عدا محیط الصدر حیث کان هناک تأثیراً معنویاً وکانت أکبر محیط للصدر للمعاملة التی تغذت على العلیقة الکنترول مضاف إلیها 0.40% ثریونین (علیقة 9)

3- أعطی السمان المغذی على علیقة الکنترول + 0.05% (علیقة 2) إضافة الثریونین أحسن قیم للکفاءة الاقتصادیة والنسبیة (2.779 و 111.56% على التوالی) تلاها السمان المغذی على علیقة الکنترول+ 0.20% ثریونین مضاف (علیقة 5) (2.776 و 111.44%) عند مقارنتها مع العلیقة الأساسیة (الکنترول) وباقی المعاملات الغذائیة.

4- نستنتج من هذه النتائج أن إضافة 0.05% ثریونین إلى العلیقة الأساسیة للسمان (الکنترول) أدی إلى تحسین معدل اداء النمو, و الکفاءة الاقتصادیة وأعطی أفضل ربح.

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