Role of Microbiome and Interleukin-22(IL-22) along with Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Polymorphism in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | ||
| Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 April 2026 | ||
| Document Type: New and original researches in the field of Microbiology. | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejmm.2025.404310.1780 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Ibrahim A.A.A Alkinani* ; Adnan H.A. Al-Hamadani | ||
| Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, Al-Qadisiyah University, Iraq | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a condition initiated by the immune system itself; the condition involves the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas, this results in a lack of insulin and a constant requirement for it. In individuals with genetically predisposed traits, the development of the disease is affected by multiple components, including environmental and immunological components. Objective: This investigation intended to assess the value of interleukin-22(IL-22) as a marker for diagnosis and to identify the gut microbiome by studying the function of haptoglobin/zonulin as a precursor to diabetes. The CTLA-4 gene variants were evaluated using the PCR-RFLP method. Methodology: There were 150 participants, 75 of them were patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 75 were healthy controls, and they ranged in the age from 10 to 35 years. For estimating haptoglobin/zonulin and IL-22 levels in the blood ELISA test was done. Results: The current study showed that the concentrations of haptoglobin/zonulin and interleukin-22(IL-22) were significantly greater in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus than in controls. The CTLA-4 genotype and allele frequency in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus was significantly different than that in healthy controls (p = 0.001). Conclusion: As a result, based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, interleukin-22(IL-22) and haptoglobin/zonulin are considered to be promising immune indicators. Additionally, the CTLA-4+49 A/G (rs231775) polymorphism has a significant impact on patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Microbiome; IL 22; CTLA-4; Zonulin; Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | ||
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