Exosomal and immune biomarkers for early detection and prognostic assessment of Rabies Virus infection | ||||
| Microbes and Infectious Diseases | ||||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 August 2025 | ||||
| Document Type: Mini-review article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/mid.2025.384743.2788 | ||||
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| Authors | ||||
Piruz Shadbash  1, 2; Marzieh Bahari Babadi3
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| 1Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran | ||||
| 2Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran | ||||
| 3Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Background: Rabies virus (RABV) remains a significant global health issue, with nearly 100% mortality once clinical symptoms manifest. The challenge of early diagnosis and prognostic assessment underscores the demand for reliable biomarkers. Exosome-derived and immune-associated biomarkers offer a promising avenue for early diagnosis and screening of disease progression. This mini-review explores the role of secreted exosomes in the response to RABV. These exosomes are involved in the transport of viral RNA, proteins, and immune-modulating molecules, and in this study, we investigated potential biomarkers with diagnostic value. Additionally, immune biomarkers such as cytokines, chemokines, and cellular immune responses provide insight into disease progression and host-pathogen interactions. A literature search was conducted using databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science with keywords such as “Rabies virus (RABV), Early Detection, Prognosis, Exosomal Biomarkers, and Immune Biomarkers.” Relevant peer-reviewed studies were selected based on clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The chosen articles were evaluated by reviewing their titles, abstracts, methodologies, and results. The key findings from these studies are summarized in this mini-review. Advances and investigations in biomarker discovery could lead to novel diagnostic markers, which in consequence could facilitate rapid RABV detection and timely therapeutic interventions. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Rabies virus (RABV); Exosomes; Immune biomarkers; early diagnostic | ||||
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