Optimized Extraction of Ulvan from Ulva lactuca Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Box-Behnken Design Approach | ||
| Egyptian Journal of Chemistry | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 September 2025 | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejchem.2025.396407.11964 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Israa S Abd-El-Aly1; Ali M. S. Hebishy2; Sara A Mekkawy1; Ahmed E Abdel Moneim3; Mohamed saleh Abdelfattah* 4 | ||
| 1Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt | ||
| 2-Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt. -Central Laboratory, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt | ||
| 3Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt | ||
| 4Natural Products Research Unit (NPRU), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt | ||
| Abstract | ||
| A ternary deep eutectic solvent (TDES) consisting of choline chloride, urea, and oxalic acid (1:2:0.05 molar ratio) was prepared to extract ulvan from Ulva lactuca. Optimization through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) resulted in a maximum ulvan extraction of 33.10% ± 0.003, significantly higher than the extraction yield achieved with a binary deep eutectic solvent of choline chloride and urea (16.51% ± 0.59) and being three times greater than that obtained by the aqueous-HCl method (11.63% ± 0.51). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the crude ulvan extracted using TDES revealed functional groups similar to those extracted with the aqueous-HCl method. The chemical composition of ulvan was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The ulvan obtained from TDES had a higher content of L-rhamnose (44.95%) and β-L-fucopyranose (19.62%) compared to the aqueous-HCl extraction, which yielded 31.95% and 17.60%, respectively. Additionally, the TDES-extracted ulvan contained a higher percentage of carbon (27.31%) compared to the aqueous-HCl method (23.59%), as well as a higher percentage of oxygen (54.57% versus 53.54%). Moreover, the ulvan extracted with TDES exhibited the highest scavenging activity against the DPPH radical, with an IC50 value of 199.4 µg/ml, compared to the aqueous-HCl extraction. These results revealed that TDES can be an eco-friendly solvent for ulvan extraction, achieving a higher yield. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Ternary deep eutectic solvent; spectroscopy; Ulva lactuca; polysaccharide; ulvan; Box-Behnken design | ||
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