Bridging Nerve Injuries in Craniofacial Medicine; The Emerging Role of Exosomes and Advanced Regeneration Approaches | ||
| Egyptian Journal of Histology | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 September 2025 | ||
| Document Type: Review Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejh.2025.401461.2295 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Eman M. salem* 1; Sana Mostafa2; Nawal Abd Elkhalek Lasheen3; Bassant A. Ezzat4 | ||
| 1MSc degree student of oral Biology Department, Faculty of dentistry, Cairo University. Teaching assistant of Oral Biology Department, College of Oral and Dental Surgery, Must University, Giza, Egypt. | ||
| 2Associate professor of Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University | ||
| 3Professor of Oral Biology ,College of Oral and Dental Surgery, MUST. Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University. | ||
| 4professor of oral biology- faculty of dentistry- Cairo university | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Abstract Introduction: Peripheral nerve injuries in the craniofacial area are a serious, common issue, often caused by trauma, dental procedures, or maxillofacial surgeries. In dentistry, peripheral nerve injuries to the lingual nerve and inferior alveolar nerve are frequently seen after dental procedures, causing considerable sensory disturbances. These injuries can become chronic and severely influence the quality of life of a patient, making their treatment a critical area of clinical and research focus. Aim: This research aims to explores the incidence, classification, and complex pathophysiology of PNIs, highlighting key regenerative mechanisms of peripheral nerve regeneration, review literature about the recent treatment modalities of peripheral nerve injuries in the craniofacial region including conventional treatment options include surgical methods such as neurorrhaphy, autografts, and nerve guidance conduits, as well as non-surgical interventions like pharmacologic agents, physical therapies, bioactive materials, and the more recent regenerative medicine involving cell-free therapies, especially those using exosomes. Conclusion: The outcomes of the preclinical and clinical research have been promising, demonstrating improved axonal regeneration, myelination, and better functional outcomes after exosomes therapy. Because there are currently few human trials available, the development of exosome-based medicines into common clinical use is still in its infancy. A better comprehension of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind effective axon regeneration and precise target reinnervation would greatly benefit new therapeutic applications. It's crucial to address the challenges of slow regeneration and axonal mismatch that often follow peripheral nerve injuries. Consequently, there's a significant need for new combination therapies and intervention strategies for peripheral nerve regeneration to enhance clinical and functional outcomes. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Peripheral nerve injuries; craniofacial injuries; Peripheral nerve regeneration; Cell-based therapy, Stem cell-derived exosomes | ||
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