Bacterial outer membrane vesicle-based intranasal Vaccine as a potential vaccine against SARS-COV-2 infections and its effect on the Immune response | ||
| Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences Assiut University | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 September 2025 | ||
| Document Type: Review Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/bfsa.2025.400928.2625 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Rehab Mahmoud* 1; Hala Rady Ahmed1; Reem Esamelden Salah2; Helal F Hetta3 | ||
| 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt. | ||
| 2Undergraduate student, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt | ||
| 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has challenged the effectiveness of current vaccines and highlighted the need for novel strategies. It was found that COVID-19 had infected 82 million people and killed more than 1.8 million, but the preliminary estimate suggests more than 3.3 million deaths due to direct or indirect effects of COVID-19. The pandemic resulted in economic and social disruption. So, vaccines were a must to save lives. Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs), naturally secreted nanostructures with inherent adjuvant properties, have recently gained attention as innovative vaccine platforms. Their ability to present viral antigens, stimulate both systemic and mucosal immunity, and maintain stability at room temperatures makes them promising candidates for intranasal delivery against respiratory pathogens. Preclinical studies with BMV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines demonstrate strong IgG and IgA responses, reduced viral load, and enhanced protection in animal models. Despite these advantages, challenges remain, including safety concerns related to lipopolysaccharides, batch variability, and the absence of clinical trial data. Overall, BMVs represent a versatile, scalable, and cost-effective approach with potential to complement existing COVID-19 vaccines and inform the development of next-generation mucosal vaccines against emerging infectious diseases. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| COVID-19; vaccines; bacterial membrane vesicles; intranasal vaccine | ||
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