Impact of Projectile Weight and Apex Angle on Penetration Depth in Sandy Soils
Osman, A., ElSheshieny, A., Zahran, M., Nagy, N. (2025). Impact of Projectile Weight and Apex Angle on Penetration Depth in Sandy Soils. EKB Journal Management System, 16(16), 1-9. doi: 10.21608/iccae.2025.453800
Abdul-Rahman Khaled Osman; Ahmed ElSheshieny; Mohamed Zahran; Nabil Mohamed Nagy. "Impact of Projectile Weight and Apex Angle on Penetration Depth in Sandy Soils". EKB Journal Management System, 16, 16, 2025, 1-9. doi: 10.21608/iccae.2025.453800
Osman, A., ElSheshieny, A., Zahran, M., Nagy, N. (2025). 'Impact of Projectile Weight and Apex Angle on Penetration Depth in Sandy Soils', EKB Journal Management System, 16(16), pp. 1-9. doi: 10.21608/iccae.2025.453800
Osman, A., ElSheshieny, A., Zahran, M., Nagy, N. Impact of Projectile Weight and Apex Angle on Penetration Depth in Sandy Soils. EKB Journal Management System, 2025; 16(16): 1-9. doi: 10.21608/iccae.2025.453800

Impact of Projectile Weight and Apex Angle on Penetration Depth in Sandy Soils

The International Conference on Civil and Architecture Engineering
Volume 16, Issue 16, May 2025, Pages 1-9    PDF (1.03 M)
Document Type: Original Article
DOI: 10.21608/iccae.2025.453800
Authors
Abdul-Rahman Khaled Osman1; Ahmed ElSheshieny2; Mohamed Zahran3; Nabil Mohamed Nagy4
1Bachelor of Civil Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Military Technical College, Cairo, Egypt.
2PhD in Civil Engineering, Lecturer in Civil Engineering Department Civil Engineering Department, Military Technical College, Cairo, Egypt.
3PhD in Civil Engineering, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Department, Military Technical College, Cairo, Egypt.
4Professor of Civil Engineering, Military Technical College, Cairo, Egypt.
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of projectile weight and apex angle on penetration resistance in sand. Controlled experiments were conducted using conical-nosed projectiles with apex angles of 10°, 30°, 60°, and 90°, and weights ranging from 2.445 kg to 6.81 kg. The penetration depth was measured for each configuration to evaluate the individual and combined effects of these parameters. The results revealed that both projectile weight and apex angle significantly affect penetration depth. Increased projectile weight resulted in deeper penetration due to the greater kinetic energy upon impact. Apex angle also played a critical role: where projectiles with sharp apex angles ranging between ( 10° and 30° ) concentrated the impact force, resulting in deeper penetration, whereas those with blunt angles, i.e. ( 60° and 90° ) dissipated energy over a larger area, reducing penetration depth. These findings have practical implications for designing protective systems and buried infrastructure in high-density soils. By isolating the effects of weight and apex angle, this study provides foundational insights that can be applied to optimize penetration resistance strategies for military and civil engineering applications.
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