Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Risk Factors Among Healthcare Workers in Mekkah: A Comprehensive Analysis of MRSA, ESBL, and MDR Patterns | ||
| Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 April 2026 | ||
| Document Type: New and original researches in the field of Microbiology. | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejmm.2025.421224.1860 | ||
| Author | ||
| Nayef S. Almutairi* | ||
| Public Health Department, Health Sciences College at Al Leith, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) serve as potential reservoirs for antimicrobial-resistant organisms, posing significant risks for healthcare-associated infections. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens among HCWs in Mekkah, while identifying associated risk factors for targeted intervention strategies. Methodology: A cross-sectional surveillance study was conducted among 450 HCWs across multiple healthcare facilities in Mekkah from August 2024 to February 2025. Nasal swabs, hand samples, and throat cultures were collected and processed using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Demographic and occupational data were collected through structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests, multivariate logistic regression, and odds ratio calculations with 95% confidence intervals. Results: The overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was 34.2% (n=154) among participating HCWs. MRSA colonization was detected in 18.4% (n=83), ESBL-producing organisms in 12.7% (n=57), and MDR patterns in 22.9% (n=103). Intensive care unit (ICU) workers had significantly higher resistance rates (OR=3.2, 95% CI: 2.1–4.9, p<0.001). Independent risk factors included prolonged antibiotic exposure (OR=2.8, 95% CI: 1.8–4.3), direct patient care activities (OR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.4–3.2), and inadequate hand hygiene compliance (OR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.2–2.8). A composite resistance risk score demonstrated strong predictive value (AUC=0.78, p<0.001) for identifying high-risk HCWs. Conclusion: High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among HCWs in Mekkah highlights the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and targeted infection control measures. The identified risk factors provide a framework for developing evidence-based interventions to reduce transmission risks. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Antimicrobial resistance; multidrug resistance; surveillance; infection control; Mekkah | ||
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