Cross-Sectional Study to Determine the Least Effective Antibiotics Used to Treat Various Bacterial Infections in Hospitals of Al-Najaf City, Iraq | ||
Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology | ||
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2026 | ||
Document Type: New and original researches in the field of Microbiology. | ||
DOI: 10.21608/ejmm.2025.414200.1835 | ||
Authors | ||
Emad Al-Hilli1; Rawaa Behlul1; Mariam Al-Taee2; Hawraa Haitham2; Ali Aridhee* 2; Hashim Tarish2 | ||
1Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Iraq | ||
2Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Collage of Medical Technologies, The Islamic University Najaf 54001, Iraq | ||
Abstract | ||
Background: In the current study, we aimed to identify the most commonly resisted antibiotics by bacterial species in culture media. Methodology: A total of 150 samples were collected from various hospitals in Al-Najaf City, Iraq. These included a wide range of patients who attended these hospitals for treatment of different infectious diseases. The samples were categorized based on the type of sample, gender, and age group of the patients. The VITEK-2 system was primarily used to identify the bacterial isolates and perform antibiotic susceptibility testing to ensure the accuracy of the results. Results: The findings showed that urine samples were the most predominant (52%). The most frequently isolated bacterium in these samples was Escherichia coli (22%), which exhibited the highest resistance to the antibiotic amoxicillin (AMC). Additionally, when samples were grouped by the gender of the patients, the results indicated that antibiotic resistance was more common in males than in females. Conclusion: This study concludes that many antibiotics, such as amoxicillin and ceftazidime, continue to be prescribed and dispensed in pharmacies despite having very low effectiveness. A wide range of bacterial species have developed resistance to these antibiotics. | ||
Keywords | ||
Antibiotic-resistant in Najaf; antimicrobial resistance; antibiotic resistance in Iraq; bacterial infections in Najaf | ||
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