Pressure Ulcer: An Updated Review for Healthcare Professionals | ||
| Egyptian Journal of Chemistry | ||
| Volume 68, Issue 13, December 2025, Pages 1221-1233 PDF (1.27 M) | ||
| Document Type: Review Articles | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejchem.2025.412132.12156 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Mohammed Naif Almutairi* ; Mahfoudh Saad Alghamdi; Khalid Assaf Mohammed Almutairi; Ali Ali Alotaibi; Awadh Hamid Alhafi; Muteb Marshad Alanazi; Naief Qalit Almutairi; Ahmed Nijr Owaidh Alrahimi; Yousef Mesfer Almutairi; Ali Abdullah Almntshre; Eidan Abdullah Saleh Aleidan; Alqahtani Mohammed Saeed; Majed Nasser Mohammad Maashi; Sultan Mesfer Alotaibi; Abdulrahman Saad Marzouq Albagami | ||
| Ministry of Defense, Saudi Arabia | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Background: Pressure injuries are preventable lesions of skin and soft tissues driven by sustained pressure and shear at bony prominences; device-related variants are increasingly recognized and cluster at the sacrum, ischium, and trochanter. Aim: To synthesize current concepts on etiology, epidemiology, mechanisms, histopathology, evaluation, staging, management, prognosis, complications, and rehabilitation for healthcare professionals. Methods: Narrative synthesis of frameworks and findings summarized in this review, including NPIAP/ICD-11 classification, risk instruments, and outcome reports. Results: Immobility, moisture, malnutrition, anemia, and endothelial dysfunction are principal risks; shear magnifies deep tissue failure, and as little as two hours of uninterrupted loading can initiate injury. Histology progresses from papillary dermal vascular change to full-thickness necrosis; chronic ulcers harbor extracellular-matrix bacterial aggregates, whereas osteomyelitis beneath exposed sacral bone is uncommon and typically superficial. In the United States, about three million adults are affected annually; hospital-acquired pressure injury costs may exceed $26.8 billion, with incidences near 8.3 per 100 acutely ill patients and early onset within five days of admission. Healing at six months is >70% for stage 2, ~50% for stage 3, and ~30% for stage 4; sacral recurrence is common. Conclusion: Standardized terminology, early risk stratification, dependable off-loading and microclimate control, prudent debridement and dressings, nutritional optimization, and multidisciplinary coordination reduce incidence, accelerate healing, and limit recurrence. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| pressure injury; decubitus ulcer; NPIAP; staging; Braden scale; prevention | ||
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