Cobalt, Copper, and Manganese Contamination in Water: A Comprehensive Review | ||
| International Journal of Engineering & Artificial Intelligence Art Design | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 October 2025 PDF (340.3 K) | ||
| Document Type: Review article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/ijeaid.2025.426990.1013 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Merna El Shafie* 1; Mahmoud F. Mubarak2; Mahmoud Nasr3; Amina Shaltout4; Abeer El Shahawy5 | ||
| 1Department of Civil Engineering, The Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology Fifth Settlement, Egypt | ||
| 2Petroleum Applications Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI),1 Ahmed El Zomor St. Nasr City | ||
| 3Sanitary Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21544, Egypt | ||
| 4Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, PO Box 41522,Ismailia, Egypt, | ||
| 5Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, PO Box 41522,Ismailia, Egypt | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Access to clean and safe water is vital for human health and environmental sustainability. Heavy metal contamination remains a major global concern due to the toxic and persistent nature of these pollutants. Among them, cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) are particularly significant because of their prevalence in industrial effluents and their harmful ecological and health impacts. This review summarizes the sources, effects, and treatment strategies for these metals, comparing conventional and emerging technologies. While physicochemical and electrochemical methods such as precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane filtration are effective, they face limitations related to cost, sludge generation, and energy consumption. Adsorption has emerged as a promising alternative owing to its efficiency, simplicity, and adaptability. Recent advances highlight biochar and agricultural waste–derived adsorbents as sustainable, low-cost, and scalable solutions. However, large-scale validation and hybrid system integration remain key research needs. The review underscores the growing potential of biological and adsorption-based methods to advance sustainable and cost-effective water treatment technologies. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Cobalt contamination; Copper removal; Manganese adsorption; Sustainable water treatment; Water pollution control | ||
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