Microscopic architecture of the upper and lower beak in budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulates): A histological perspective | ||
| International Journal of Comprehensive Veterinary Research | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 November 2025 | ||
| Document Type: Research article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/ijcvr.2025.367155.1019 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Mostafa Galal Abdelrouf Elsayed* 1; Mohammed Abdelsabour-Khalaf2; Madeha Ahmed Hashim3; Ramy K. A. Sayed4 | ||
| 1Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University 82524, Egypt. | ||
| 2Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt. | ||
| 3Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, 82524, Sohag, Egypt | ||
| 4Ass. Professor of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Sohag University | ||
| Abstract | ||
| The oral cavity of birds differs significantly from that of mammals. Unlike mammals, birds lack teeth and instead possess upper and lower beaks. The beak is adapted for various functions, the most important being food handling and preparation. This study aims to describe the histological characteristics of the upper and lower beaks of the budgerigar. Morphological observations were conducted on five adult male budgerigars. Histologically, the beak consists of a central bony support covered by dermal and epidermal layers. The bony support comprises the premaxillary bone in the upper beak and the mandibular bone in the lower beak. The outermost epidermal layer consists of dense, highly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium arranged in multiple layers. Beneath it, the dermis contains dense connective tissue, distinct blood vessels, nerve bundles, melanocytes, and sensory corpuscles. In conclusion, the budgerigar's beak is structurally composed of a bony core covered by dermal and epidermal layers, playing a vital role in food processing. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Dermis; Epidermis; Morphology; Sensory corpuscles | ||
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