Green Synthesis of Crystalline Copper Nanoparticles Using walnut leaf extract for the Fabrication of a New Potentiometric Bromhexine Hydrochloride Sensor | ||
| Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences Assiut University | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 November 2025 | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/bfsa.2025.431026.2791 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Muner Medhor Hamed* 1; Kameran Shukur Hussein2; Abdul Majeed Khorsheed Ahmed3 | ||
| 1university of kirkuk | ||
| 2Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq | ||
| 3Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| This study successfully developed a novel potentiometric sensor for Bromhexine Hydrochloride (BHH) detection using a coated graphite electrode integrated with crystalline copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) synthesized via a green approach. The CuNPs were prepared using walnut leaf extract as both reducing and capping agent, and characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, NMR, XRD, and SEM techniques, which confirmed their crystalline nature with an average size of ~21 nm. The fabricated sensor demonstrated excellent performance characteristics, including a wide linear range (1.0×10-2 to 1.0×10-7M), a near-Nernstian slope of 29.343 mV/decade closely matching the theoretical value of 29.58 mV/decade for a divalent ion according to the Nernst equation and a low detection limit of 4.24×10-8 M. The sensor also exhibited high selectivity toward BHH in the presence of common interfering ions, along with a operational lifespan of 25 days under optimal pH (2–8) and temperature (20–40 °C) conditions. Successful application of the sensor for BHH determination in pharmaceutical tablets yielded high recovery and precision, confirming its practical utility for quality control in pharmaceutical analysis. This work highlights a sustainable analytical strategy that effectively combines green nanotechnology with electrochemical sensing. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Bromhexine Hydrochloride; Green synthesis; copper nanoparticles; Walund Extract | ||
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