Antimicrobial Properties of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Extracts | ||
| Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 July 2026 PDF (435.37 K) | ||
| Document Type: New and original researches in the field of Microbiology. | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejmm.2025.439977.1979 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Suha S.R. Al-Tikriti* 1; Abeer M. Hatem2 | ||
| 1Khadijah Al-Kubra Secondary School for Girls, Nineveh Directorate of Education, Ministry of Education, Iraq | ||
| 2College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Background: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is an abundant source of bioactive chemicals. This study aimed to evaluate several clove extracts regarding their phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic microorganisms. Objective: This study aimed to identify the phytochemical content and antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum L. extracts, with a particular focusing on their effects against Acinetobacter baumannii and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methodology: Cloves extracts were obtained from the plant by using a Soxhlet apparatus with petroleum, ether, chloroform, acetone, industrial methylated spirit (IMS), and hot water. Acid hydrolysis was performed on the acetone, IMS, and hot water extracts to liberate free phenolic chemicals. Results: These compounds including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, gallic acid, and ferulic acid were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The IMS extract displayed the highest content of ferulic acid, while the acetone extract demonstrated the lowest concentration of rutin. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae (Gram-positive) and A. baumannii (Gram-negative), both of which are clinically important human pathogens. Antibacterial effects of phenolic-rich extracts were variable. Interestingly, the hot water extract showed the best inhibition of A. baumannii (41.65mm) by 100% and the least inhibition (13.54mm) at 25% concentration was found in the IMS extract. In the same way, the best inhibition (36.63 mm) of S. pneumoniae was provided by hot water extract at the 100% concentration, while the worst inhibition (10.26 mm) was produced by acetone extract at 25% concentration. Conclusion: Syzygium aromaticum L. extracts exhibited variable antibacterial activities depending on solvent type and concentration, with the hot water extract showing the most potent effect against both tested pathogens. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Syzygium aromaticum L; Acinetobacter baumannii; Streptococcus pneumoniae | ||
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