Molecular Detection of Efflux Pump Genes in Multi-drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Clinical Specimens | ||
| Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 July 2026 PDF (584.17 K) | ||
| Document Type: New and original researches in the field of Microbiology. | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/ejmm.2025.434962.1952 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Wasan Khamees* ; Mayaada S. Mahdi | ||
| College of Biotechnology, University of Al-Nahrain, Baghdad, Iraq | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is a critical Gram-negative pathogen whose treatment has become increasingly complicated due to rising multidrug resistance (MDR). A key resistance mechanism involves the expression of multiple efflux pump systems belonging to the Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (RND) superfamily. Objectives: This study aimed to correlate the phenotypic resistance of clinical A. baumannii strains with the presence of RND efflux pump genes. Methodology: This study was conducted in the Department of Biotechnology at Al-Nahrain University. Samples were collected from October 2024 to January 2025 from clinical settings, including patients of both sexes and all age groups. A total of 180 clinical samples were obtained. All collected samples were cultured on MacConkey and blood agar. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against 12 antimicrobial agents representing 8 categories, and further confirmed using the AST card on the automated Vitek-2 compact system. Biofilm formation by A. baumannii isolates was quantified using the microtiter plate assay (96-well format). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using primers specific for efflux pump genes (adeB, adeG, and adeJ). Results: A total of 50 A. baumannii isolates were identified. An extremely high rate of multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed. Among these, 82% (41 out of 50) were biofilm producers. PCR analysis revealed a near-ubiquitous presence of RND efflux pump components: adeB (685 bp), adeG (818 bp), and adeJ (417 bp). Conclusion: The present study concluded that effected control necessitates intervention strategies that target both antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and biofilm formation pathways. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Key word: Efflux pump; Biofilm; Multi-drug Resistance and Acinetobacter baumannii | ||
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