مشرفو المجنّدين الأجانب في الجيش في مصر القديمة والألقاب المرتبطة بهم

أولاً: المراجع العربية والمعربة:

-   قدري، أحمد، المؤسسة العسکرية المصرية في عصر الإمبراطورية 1570- 1087 ق.م، ترجمة مختار السويفي ومحمد العزب موسى، مشروع المائة کتاب، القاهرة، 1985م.

-   التوراة.

-  فيتمان، جونتر، مصر والأجانب في الألفية الأولى قبل الميلاد، ترجمة عبد الجواد مجاهد، المرکز القومي للترجمة (1329)، القاهرة، 2009م.

- عاشور، عماد عبد العظيم: صوامع الغلال في مصر والشرق الأدنى القديم دراسة مقارنة، المؤتمر الدولي الأول لکلية الآثار جامعة الفيوم، 2014 م  

-عباس، محمد رأفت ،الجيش في مصر القديمة، عصر الدولة الحديثة 1550-1069 ق.م، جـ. 1-2، القاهرة، 2015م.

ثانيا المراجع الأجنبية:

-    Abbas, M. R., “The Maryannu in the Western Desert during the Ramesside Period”, in: Abgadiyat 8, 2013.

-    --------------, “The Bodyguard of Ramesses II and the Battle of Kadesh”, in: ENIM 9, 2016.

-    --------------, “A Survey of the Military Role of the Sherden Warriors in the Egyptian Army during the Ramesside Period”, in: ENIM 10, 2017.

-    Abdalla, M., “the Foreign Captives in Ancient Egypt”, PhD thesis, Cairo University, 2000.

-    Al-Ayedi, A., Index of Egyptian Administrative, Religious and Military Titles of the New Kingdom, Ismalia, 2006.

-    Ampolo, C., Bresciani, E., “Psammetico re d’Egitto e il mercenario Pedon”, in: EVO11, 1988.

-    Arnold, D., The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, I.B.Tauris 2002.

-    Bear, K., Rank and titles in the Old Kingdom, Chicago, 1960.

-    Björkman, G., “Neby, the Mayor of Tjaru in the Reign of Tuthmosis IV”, in: JARCE 11, 1974.

-    Booth, Ch., The Role of Foreigners in Ancient Egypt, a study of non-stereotypical representations, BAR 2005.

-    Borchardt, L., “Ein Königserlaß aus Dahschur (mit 2 Tafeln und 1 Abbildung")”, in:  ZÄS 42, (1905).

-    Breasted, H., The battle of Kadesh: A Study in the Earliest known military strategy, Chicago, 1903.

-    Bunson, M. R. Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Revised edition), Facts on File. New York, 2002.

-    Burne, A., “Some Notes on the Battle of Kadesh: Being a Military Commentary on Professor J. H. Breasted's Book, "The Battle of Kadesh”, (University of Chicago Press, 1903)’, in: JEA 7, No. 3/4. Oct., 1921.

-    Černý, J., “Graffiti at the Wādi el-'Allāḳi”, in: JEA 33, Dec., 1947.

-    Chevereau, P., “Contribution à la Prosopographie des Cadres Militaires de L’Ancien Empire et de la Première Période Intermédiaire”, in: RdE 38, 1987.

-    ----------------, “Informations et Documents, Addenda-Corrigenda À La Prosopographie des Cadres Militaires Égyptiens de la Basse Époque”, RdE 41, 1990.

-    ----------------, “Contribution à la Prosopographie des Cadres Militaires de Moyen Empire”, in: RdE 42, 1991.

-    ----------------, Prosopographie des Cadres Militaires Égyptiens du Nouvel Empire, Paris, 1994.

-    Daressy, G., “Statue de Zedher le Sauveur”, in: ASAE 17, 1917.

-    Davies, N., The Tombs of Two Officials of Thutmosis the Fourth, London, 1923.

-    -------------, Ancient Egyptian Paintings, Vol. I, Plates 1-52, Chicago, 1936.

-    -------------, and Macadam, M.F.L., Corpus of InscribedEgyptian Funerary Cones. Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1957.

-    De Morgan, J., Catalogue des monuments et inscriptions de l’Égypte antique. Première série: Haute Egypte. Tome I: De la frontière de Nubie à Kom Ombos, Paris, 1894.

-    Edel, E. “Zur Lesung und Bedeutung einiger Stellen in der biographischen Inschrift S3-rnpwt's I”, in:  ZÄS 87, 1962.

-    ----------,  “Die Ländernamen Unternubiens und die Ausbreitung der C-Gruppe nach den Reiseberichten des Ḥrw-ḫwjf”, in: Orientalia 36, No. 2. 1967.

-    ----------, “Zwei neue Felsinschriften aus Tumas mit nubi-schen Landernamen", in: ZÄS 97 1971.

-    ----------, “Felsinschriften aus dem Alten Reich auf der Insel Sehêl”, in: MDAIK 37, 1981.

-    Edelman, D., “Are the Kings of the Amorites"Swept Away"in Joshua XXIV 12?”, in: VT 41, Fasc. 3. Jul., 1991.

-    Edgerton, W., “The Nauri Decree of Seti I: A Translation and Analysis of the Legal Portion”, in: JNES 6, No. 4 (Oct., 1947).

-    Eichler, E., Untersuchungen zum Expeditionswesen des Ägyptischen Alten Reiches, Wiesbaden, 1993.

-    Emanuel, J., “Šrdn of the Sea: A Reassessment of the Sherden and their Role in Egyptian Society” ,Annual Meeting of AIA, 2012.

-    Faulkner, R.O., “Egyptian Military Organization”, in: JEA 39, 1953.

-    ------------------, A concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Reprint Edition, 2002.

-    Fischer, H., “An Occurrence of Ḥnn-nśwt "Ehnasya" on Two Statuettes of the Late Old Kingdom”, in: JAOS 81, No. 4. Se - Dec., 1961.

-    --------------, “The Nubiam Mercenaries of Gebelein during the First Intermediate period”, in:  Kush 9, part I, 1961.

-    --------------, Some Reliefs reassembled, Egyptian studies I, Varia. New York, 1976.

-    Gal, Z., “An Early Iron Age Site near Tel Menorah in the Beth-Shan Valley”, in: Tel Aviv 6, 1979.

-    Galan, J., Victory and Border, Terminology related to Egyptian Imperialism XVIIIth Dynasty, Hildesheim, 1995.

-    Gardiner, A., “Inscriptions from tlie tomb of Si-renpowet I., prince of Elephantine (mit Tafel VI.VII.VIII)”, in: ZÄS 45, 1908.

-    ----------------, Egyptian Hieratic Texts - Series I: Literary Texts of the New Kingdom, Part I, Leipzig, 1911.

-    ----------------, “the Egyptian word for Dragoman”, in: PSBA 37, 1915.

-    ----------------, “The Ancient Military Road between Egypt and Palestine”,in:  JEA 6, No. 2. Apr., 1920.

-    ----------------, “Piankhi's Instructions to His Army”, in:  JEA 21, No. 2. Dec., 1935.

-    ----------------, the Wilbour Papyrus, III, Oxford, 1948.

-    ----------------, Late Egyptian Miscellanies, London, 1954.

-    ----------------, The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramses II, Oxford, 1960.

-    ----------------, Egypt of the Pharaohs, Oxford, 1964.

-    ----------------, Peet,E., Cerny, J.,Inscriptions of Sinai II, London, 1955.

-    Gauthier, H., “A Travers la Basse-Egypte”, in: ASAE 22, 1922.

-    ---------------, “Le Livre des Rois III, Le Livre des Rois d'Égypte De la XIXe à la XXIVe dynastie”, in:  MIFAO 19. 1, 1914.

-    Giveon, R., Les Bedouins Shasu u des documents Egyptians, Leiden, 1971.

-    -------------, “The Shosu of the Late XX^th Dynasty”, in: JARCE 8, 1969- 1970.

-    -------------, “Shasu”, LÄ, V, 1984.

-    Gnirs, A.,“Coping with the Army: The Military and the State in the New Kingdom”, in: Ancient Egyptian Administration, (Ede. Gracia, J), Leiden, Boston, 2013.

-    Goedicke, H., “The Title  in the Old Kingdom”, in: JEA 46, 1960.

-     ---------------, “An Additional Note on aA 'Foreigner”, in: JEA 52, 1966.

-    ---------------, “Considerations on the Battle of Ḳadesh”, in: JEA 52, 1966.

-    Gordon, A., “Foreigners’, the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt”, Vol.1, Oxford, 2010.

-    Grandet, P., Le Papyrus Harris I, Le Caire, 1994.

-    Griffith, F., “The Abydos Decree of Seti I at Nauri”, in:  JEA, 13, No. 3/4. Nov., 1927.

-    Gundlach, R., “Zur Rolle Sarenputs I., Gaufürsten von Elephantine, als königlichen Beauftragten für Nubische Erzeugnisse”, in: ZÄS 86, 1961.

-    Habachi, L., “King Nebhepetre Menthuhotp: His Monuments, Place in History, Deification and Unusual Representations in the Form of Gods”, in: MDAIK 19, 1963.

-    ---------------, “The Owner of Tomb No. 282 in the Theban Necropolis”, in: JEA 54. (Aug., 1968).

-    ---------------, “Miscellanea on Viceroys of Kush and their Assistants Buried in Draʿ Abu El-Naga', South”, in:  JARCE 13, 1976.

-    Haider, P., “Epigraphische Quellen zur Integration von Griechen in die ägyptische Gesellschaft der Saïtenzei”, in Naukratis: Die Beziehungen zu Ostgriechenland, Ägypten und Zypern in archaischer Ziet, (Ursula Höckmann and Detlev Kreikenbom, Eds.) 2001.

-    Heagren, B., “The Art of War in Pharaonic Egypt, An Analysis of the Tactical, Logistic, and Operational Capabilities of the Egyptian Army (Dynasties XVII-XX)”, PhD thesis, University of Auckland, 2010.

-    Helk, W., Wirtschaftsgeschichte des alten Ägypten im 3. und 4. Jahrtausend vor Chr. Lieden-Köln, 1975.

-    Husson, G., Valbelle, D., L'Etat et les Institutions en Egypte des Premiers Pharaons aux Empereurs Romains, Paris, 1992.

-    Junker, H., “The First Appearance of the Negroes in History”, in: JEA 7, 1921.

-    Karl, J., Inschriften der Spätzeit. Teil II: Die 22-24. Dynastie, Wiesbaden, 2007.

-    Kitchen, K., Pharaoh Triumphant. The Life and Times of Ramses II King of Egypt, Warminster, 1982.

-    Kozloff, A., Aménophis III Le pharaon Soleil, Paris, 1993.

-     Kryszat, G., “Die Alt Assyrischen Belege Für den Gott Amurru”, in: RAAO 100, 2006.

-    Leahy, A., "Ethnic diversity in Ancient Egypt", In J Sasson (ed.). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. I, 1995.

-    Lesko, L., A Dictionary of Late Egyptian, Vol. I, 2^nd Edition, 2002.

-    Liszka, K., “We have Come to Serve Pharaoh”: A study of the Medjay and Pangrave as an ethnic group and as mercenaries from c. 2300 BCE until c. 1050 BCE.”, PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 2012.

-    Manniche, L., The Tombs of the Nobles at Luxor, Cairo, American University, 1987.

-    Maspero, G., “Rapport à M. Jules Ferry, ministre de l'instruction publique sur une mission en Italie”, in:  RT 3, 1882.

-    Maspero, G., Études de Mythologie et d'Archéologie Égyptiennes, II, Paris, 1893.

-    Max Mueller, W., Egyptological Researches II, Washington, 1906.

-    Meffre, R., “Un Nouveau nom d’Horus d’or de Sheshonq Ier sur le bloc Caire JE 39410”, in: BIFAO 110, 2010.

-    Michaux-Colombot, D., “Geographical Enigmas Related to Nubia, Medja, Punt, Meluhha and Magan," in Nubian Studies 1998: Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the International Society of Nubian Studies, ed. Timothy Kendall (Boston: Department of African-American Studies Northeastern University, 2004).

-    Michaux-Colombot, D., “Qui sont les Medjay et où se Situait leur Territoire?” in: Pharaons Noirs: Sur la Piste des Quarante Jours, ed. Marie-Cecile Bruwier (Belgium: Museé Royal de Mariemont, 2007.

-    Morris, E., The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom, Leiden, 2004.

-    O'Connor, D., “The Locations of Yam and Kush and Their Historical Implications" in: JARCE 23, 1986.

-    Oren, E., “Notes and News: Bir el-'Abd (Northern Sinai)”, IEJ 23, (1973).

-    ----------, and Shereshevsky, J., Military Architecture along the 'Ways of Horus' — Egyptian Reliefs and Archaeological Evidence”, Eretz-Israel 20, 1989.

-    Peet, E., the Great Tomb-Robberies of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty, Vol. I, Oxford, 1930.

-    Pernigotti, S., “Il generale Potasimto e la sua famiglia”, SCO 17, (1968).

-    ----------------, “Il Generale Potasimto E La sua Famiglia, Studi Classicie”, Orientali 17, 1968.

-    ----------------, “Les Rapports entre les Grecs et l’Égypte à l’ Époque Saïte: Les aspects Juridiques et Institutionnels”, Méditerranées, 67, 1996.

-    Petrie, F., A Season of Egypt, London, 1888.

-    -----------, Ehnasya, London, 1904.

-    Piacentini, P., Les Scribes dans la Société Égyptienne de l'Ancien Empire, I. Les Premières Dynasties. Les Nécropoles Memphites (EME 5), Paris: Cybèle, 2002.

-    Pierret, P., Recueil d'inscriptions inédites du Musée égyptien du Louvre, II, Paris, 1878.

-    Pirenne, J., Histoire des institutions et du droit privé de l'ancienne Égypte, Brussels, III, 1935.

-    Posener, G., , in: ZÄS 83, (1958).

-    --------------, “Les Asiatiques en Égypte sous les XII^e et XIII^e dynasties (À propos d'un livre récent)”, in: Syria, T. 34, Fasc. 1/2, 1957.

-    Rainey, A., “The Soldier-Scribe in Papyrus Anastasi I”, in:  JNES 26, No. 1. Jan., 1967.

-    Ratié, S., “Un « Chaouabti » du Général Potasimto”, in: BIFAO 62, 1961.

-    Read, F.W., “the sense of the word ”, in: BIFAO 13, 1917.

-    Roccati, A., La Littérature Historique sous l'Ancien Empire Égyptien, Paris, 1982.

-    Rowe, A., “New Light cm Objects bel. to the Générais Po tasimto and Amasis in the Egyptian Muséum”, in:  ASAE 38, 1938.

-    Sagrillo, T., “The Geographic Origins of the “Bubastite” Dynasty and Possible Locations for the Royal Residence and Burial Place of Shoshenq I”, in: The Libyan Period in Egypt Historical and Cultural Studies into the 21^th – 24^th Dynasties: proceedings of a conference at leiden university, 25-27 october 2007, G.  F. Broekman, R. J, Demarée and O.E. Kaper (eds.) .

-    Sauneron, S., Yoyotte, J., “La Campagne Nubienne de Psammétique II et sa Signification Historique”, in: BIFAO 50, 1952.

-    Säve-Söderbergh, T., Agypten und Nubien: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte altägyptischer Aussenpolitik. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, 1941.

-     -----------------------, and Lana Troy. New Kingdom Pharaonic Sites: The Finds and the Sites. Edited by Torgny Säve-Söderbergh. The Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia 5:2. Uppsala: Almqvis & Wiksell Tryckeri, 1991.

-    Schneider, T., Ausländer in Ägypten während des Mittleren Reiches und der Hyksoszeit, (Ägypten und Altes Testamen 42). Teil 1: Die ausländischen Könige, Wiesbaden, 1998.

-    -----------------, “Foreigners in Egypt: Archaeological Evidence and Cultural Context”, in Egyptian Archaeology, Wendreich, W. (ed.), 2010.

-    Schulman, A., “The Nʿrn at the Battle of Kadesh”, in: JARCE 1, 1962.

-    -----------------, Military Rank, Title, and Organization in the Egyptian New Kingdom (Berlin: MÄS 6, 1964.

-     -----------------, “Excursus on the "Military Officer" Nakhtmin”, in: JARCE 3, 1964.

-     -----------------, “A Problem of Pedubasts”, in: JARCE 5, 1966.

-    -----------------, “Mhr and Mškb, Two Egyptian Military Titles of Semitic Origin”, in: ZÄS 93, 1966.

-    Seters, J., “The Terms"Amorite"and "Hittite"in the Old Testament”, in: VT 22, Fasc. 1. Jan., 1972.

-    Shirley, J., “What’s in a Title? Military and Civil Officials in the Egyptian 18^th Dynasty Military Sphere”, in:  Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature (eds. BAR S, Kahn, D., Shireley, J.) 2009.

-  Singer, I., “The Land of Amurru"and the "Lands of Amurru"in the Šaušgamuwa Treaty”, in: Iraq 53, 1991.

-    Spalinger, A., “Some Notes on the Libyans of Old Kingdom and later Historical reflexe”, in: JSSEA 9, 1978.

-    ----------------, “The Military Background of the Campaign of Piye (Piankhy)”, in:  SAK 7, 1979.

-    ----------------, “The Northern Wars of Seti I: An Integrative Study”, in:  JARCE 16, 1979.

-    ----------------, War in Ancient Egypt. The New Kingdom, Malden, 2005.

-    Speigelberg, W., Erman, A., “Grabstein eines syrischen Söldners aus Tell Amarna”, in: ZÄS 36, 1898.

-    Stieglitz, R., “The City of Amurru”, in: JNES 50, No. 1. Jan., 1991.

-    Sturm, J., “Der Hettiterkrieg Rameses' II”, in: WZKM 4, 1939.

-    Tod, M., A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, Oxford, 1933.

-    Tresson, P., “L'Inscription de Chechanq Ier, au Musée du Caire: un Frappant Example d’Impot Progressif en Matiére Religieuse”, Mélanges Maspero, 1.2, in: MIFAO 66.2, 1934.

-    Vercoutter, J., “Les Haou-Nebout ”, in: BIFAO 46, 1947.

-     ----------------, “Les Haou-Nebout  ‘suite”, in: BIFAO 48, 1949.

-    ----------------, “Upper Egyptian Settlers in Middle Kingdom Nubia”, in: Kush 5, 1957.

-    Ward, W., “The Shasu ‘Bedouin’: Notes on a Recent Publication”, in:  JESHO 15, 1972.

-    Index of Egyptian Administrative and Religious titles of the Middle Kingdom, American University of Beirut, 1982.

-  Weill, R., Les Origines de l'Egypte Pharaonique, Vol. 1: IIe et La IIIe Dynasties, Paris, 1992.

-    Wilson, H., People of the Pharaohs: From Peasant to Courtier, London, 1997.

-    Wilson, J., “The Libyans and the end of the Egyptian Empire”, in: AJSL 51, 1935.

-    Wreszinski, W., Atlas zur Altaegyptischen Kulturgeschichte II, Leipzig, 1935.

-    Yoyotte, J., “Potasimto de Pharbaïthos et le titre grand combattant-maître du triomphe”, in: CdE 28, 1953.

-     ------------, “Études géographiques 1”, in: RdE 13, 1961.

-    ------------, “Les Proncipautés du Delta au Temps de L’Anarchie Libyenne (Études d’Histoire Politique)”, in: MIFAO 66.4, 1961.

-    Zorn, J., “LU. pa-ma-ḫa-a in EA 162:74 and the Role of the MHR in Egypt and Ugarit”, in: JNES 50, No. 2. Apr., 1991.