1
IMPACT OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION AND
BIOFERTILLIZATION ON SOIL RESPIRATION,
MICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND WATER USE
EFFICIENCY OF QUINUA UNDER WATER STRESS
*Abd El- Gawad, A.M.; M.H. Zaky**
and Gehan G. Abdel-Ghany **
*Soil Fertilty and Microbiology ** Chemistry and physics soil Department
Desert Research Center El-Mataria, Cairo, Egypt
Key Wards: Air permeability, CO2 evolution, bio-fertilizer, water use
efficiency (WUE).
ABSTRACT
A field study was conducted in the winter season of 2017 at the
Agricultural Experimental Station of Wadi Suder, south Sinai (D.R.C.),
to evaluate the effect of soil organic matter, trickle irrigation depth and
bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bcillus megatherium and
Bacillus circulans) on soil properties such as air permeability, total
porosity, carbon dioxide evolution and microbial activity on quinoa yield
and water use efficiency (WUE) of quinoa yield (Chenopodium
quinoawilld). Water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated as a result of
cumulative improvement of studied parameters. The results revealed that
soil air permeability increased by 49.9% with increasing the organic
matter. Trickle irrigation depth reduced the permeability by 7.2 % when
depth reached 10cm and 44.6% at 20cm depth. For bio-fertilizers, soil
permeability increased by 48, 47 and 52% as general medium increase
for (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bcillus megatherium and Bacillus
circulans respectively, these increases achieved when organic matter
increased by 100% at zero, 10 and 20cm of trickle irrigation depth.
Whilst, Bcillus megatherium as a sole treatment surpassed other bio
fertilizers. Meantime, air permeability increased by 112% as a result of
increasing porosity by 9% this mean that every 1% of porosity
improvement led to increasing respiration 12%. Also, soil respiration
improved by increasing carbon dioxide evolution whatever, increasing
respiration by 112% refer to increasing CO2 evolution by 84% (every 1%
CO2 increase led to increased respiration by 1.33%) Total porosity
decreased by trickle depth by 2.7%, while comparing to control it
increase at each depth, this increase reached 9.6, 8.03 and 6.79% for
depths zero, 10 and 20cm respectively. Biofertilizers also increase soil
porosity by 7.6, 9.2 and 8.08% for A.chroococcum, B.megatherium and
B.circulans comparing to control. Also, total porosity increased by
increasing additive organic manure from 0.5 to 1% by 5.1%. Quinoa seed
and straw yields promoted by 22 and 21% as organic matter increase for
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 75-92
2
seed and straw yields respectively. Meantime, irrigation depth and
biofertilizers haven’t direct significant effect however, they hve an
important role though indirect effect on soil permeability, total porosity
and soil respiration. Also, permeability increasing by 112% enhanced
seed and straw yields by 82% (725kg/fed.) and 92 %( 884kg/fed.), for
seed and straw yields respectively. This means that every 1%
improvement in permeability led to increase in seed and straw by
6.5kg/fed., and 8kg/fed., respectively. Water use efficiency for seed and
straw affected significantly by organic matter. In contrast, irrigation
depth, and carbon dioxide have a non significant correlation with the two
yield parameters, while air permeability show the values (r= 0.505*, r=
0.435NS), for water use of seed and straw, respectively. Carbon dioxide
and permeability when coupled with organic matter as mixing technique
show significance correlation value with water used of seed and straw.
CO2 increased with different biofertilization treatments, maximum value
obtained with phosphate dissolving bacteria (B.megatherium), depth of
latellier and organic matter 10 T/fed being 13.1 mg CO2/100g dry
soil/24 hr with 85% of increase over control.
INTRODUCTION
Calcareous soil problems defined as rising of pH value, active
calcium carbonates occurrence and weak physic- mechanical properties
like porosity, air permeability and thermal parameters (Baver et al.,
1976). In addition, physical problems, such as formation of surface crusts
which affects directly on roots and soil respiration consequently increase
soil co2 and may be affecting on water use efficiency Russell, (1989).
Daniel et al. (2003) evaluated the emission of soil CO2, N2O, CH4 and
soil carbon and N indicators for four years after manure and compost
application, and They found that the emission of CO2 were similar
between control and other treatments, also, fluxes of CH4- C and N2O-N
were nearly zero. Hiroko and Haruo (2003) application of poultry
manure (PM), swine manure (SM) and chemical fertilizers (urea) into
soil, as well as interaction between organic matter and tillage stimulated
NO2 emission. Akinremi et al. (1999) studied the effect of soil
temperature and moisture on soil respiration with barley and fallow.
Wherever it ranged from a low of 1.6 g CO2 m-2d-1 on dry day to a high
of 8.3 g CO2 m-2d-1 on a wet day for fallow while the corresponding
values for barely where 3.3 and 18.5 CO2 m-2d-1, respectively. Also,
Sandra et al. (2003) found that hydrocarbon emissions briefly were
enhanced in wet soil than in dry soil.
Daniel et al. (2000) investigated the effect of alfalfa roots and
shoots mulching on soil physical characters as total porosity and he found
an increase in total and macro porosities by 1.7 and 1.8, respectively.
Also, El-Hadidi et al. (2002) investigated the addition of gypsum,
76 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020
3
farmyard manure and sand on soil physical properties and found that,
bulk density was decreased at all treatments but porosity was increased
for farmyard manure and bio-solids application alone or as mixing
technique, Khalifa and El-Eissawy (2002) mentioned that sandy soil
tilled with previous treatments has the lowest bulk density and the
highest porosity. Wagieh (2002) found that soil porosity and pore size
distribution were improved as soil moisture depletion decreased from 70
to 50%, this may be ascribed to the effect of moisture depletion on the
number of wetting and drying cycle.
Application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
inoculants is a promising measure to combat salinity in agricultural
fields, thereby increasing global food production. Ilangumaran, and
Smith (2017).
Inoculation of crop plants with beneficial microbes is gaining
agronomic importance since they facilitate cultivation under saline-prone
conditions by improving salt tolerance and hence, restoring yield
Lugtenberg et al. (2013).
Irrigation scheduling is one of the factors that influence the
agronomic and economic viability of small farmer. It is important for
both water savings and improved crop yields. The type of soil and
climatic conditions have a significant effect on the main practical aspects
of irrigation, which are the determination of how much water should be
applied and when it should be applied to a given crop. Other important
elements should also be considered, such as crop tolerance and sensitivity
to water deficit at various growth stages, and optimum water use. Water
shortage is a serious problem affecting plant growth and yield in the
Mediterranean region Souza et al., (2004).
Improving food crop production in the arid and semiarid regions.
Influenced by multiple abiotic stresses, by strengthening a diversified
crop production and introducing new climate-proof crops and cultivars
with improved stress tolerance such as quinoa (chenopodium quinoa
willd). Deficit irrigation strategy (DI) has been widely investigated as a
valuable and sustainable production strategy in dry regions. By limiting
water applications to drought sensitive growth stages, this practice aims
to maximize water productivity and to stabilize, rather than maximize,
yields Geerts and Raes, (2009). Benefits of deficit irrigation derive from
three factors: increased irrigation efficiency, reduced costs of irrigation
and the opportunity costs of water English and Raja, (1996). Quinoa
comes from the Andean highlands of South America, It has a high
nutritional value of protein, vitamins and minerals Jensen et al.,(2000),
and it is drought and frost resistant crop García,et al., (2007); Jacobsen
et al.,(2009), and salt Jacobsen et al,(2009).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 77
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The main target of this study is to improve calcareous soils
respiration and microbial activity and water use efficiency of quinoa and
to achieve the best production for quinoa crop,all of them through adding
compost levels, various trickle irrigation depths and bio-fertilizers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural
Experimental Station of Wadi Suder, south Sinai (D.R.C.), in
winter season of 2017/2018 ranged in split-split plot design, the
main plot was represented by two levels of composted farmyard
manure application rates, i.e. 0.5 and 1 %. Sub plots were three
depths of irrigation water 0.0, 10 and 20 cm and Sub Sub plots were
three bio-fertilizers {Azotobacter chroococcum (1), Bacillus
megatherium (2) and Bacillus circulans (3)}with three replicates
for each treatment. Thus, the experimental plots were: (2 rates for
farmyard manure) x 3(irrigation water depths x 3typs of biofertilizers
x 3(replicates) =54 plots. After soil preparation, plots
were divided into (5 lines/ plot) and sown by quinoa after seeds
infuse in water for about twenty four hours, at (14 pits / line) at 15
th November 2017.
Soil physical analysis:
Soil porosity and soil air permeability were calculated according to
Richards (1954).
Bacterial culture preparation: Fresh liquid cultures 48 hrs old from
pure local strains of Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megatherium
and Bacillus circulanspreviously isolated from the rhizosphere soils of
South Sinai, purified and identified according to Bergey's Manual
(1994) as biofertilizers at the rate of ~108cfu/ml.
Microbial determinations
Soil samples of Quinoarhizosphere were collected at the end of
both seasons and analyzed for total counts of microorganisms according
to Nautiyal et al., (2000) usingthe decimal plate method technique.
Bacillus counts according to Pikovskoys agar medium PVK Goenadi et
al., (2000). CO2 evolution according to Anderson (1982)
Soil Enzymatic activity:
Soil samples were analyzed for: Dehydrogenase activity according to
method described by Casida et al., (1964).Phosphatase activity was
measured using as enzyme substrate as described by Őhlinger (1996).
Water consumptive use:
Soil moisture content determined at 3 depths; 0-20, 20-40 and 40-
60 cm. The actual evapotranspiration (ETa) for each stage as well as for
the total season were determined, crop coefficient was calculated for
every growth stage according to Allen et al, (1989), Crop Water Use
78 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020
5
Efficiency (WUE), kg/m3 was calculated by dividing the crop yield by
the amount of seasonal evapotranspiration Giriappa, (1983). NPK
mixture fertilizer was added once as activate portion at tillering stage by
the rat of 50 kg/fed. The initial physical and chemical properties of Wadi
Suder soil, farmyard manure and irrigation water shown in table (1).
Table (1): physical and chemical properties of initial soil, organic
manure and irrigation water.
Physical
properties
Particle size distribution soil thermal
conductivity
cal/cm/s/oc
Bulk
Sand Silt Clay Texture density
class
85 7.02 7.98 L.S 9.5 1.53
Chemical
properties
CaCO3% ECdS/m pH CEC
meq/100g
soil
OM%
51.9 10.4 7.9 2.8 0.25
Farmyard
manure
C% N% C:N P ppm K ppm OM%
23.5 1.9 12:1 17.5 125 40.42
Irrigation
water
Soluble cations and anion meq/l
SAR
ECdS/m
pH
Na Ca Mg K Cl CO3 HCO3 SO4
45.6 24.9 4.9 0.44 55.8 - 1.9 19.03 9.6 7.24 7.55
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Impact of studied treatments on soil air permeability:
One of the main soil respiration entrances is soil air permeability
which affected by organic matter, irrigation depth and bio- fertilizers. In
general, table (2) shows that soil air permeability increase by 49.9% as
organic matter increase. Trickle irrigation depth led to decreasing
permeability by 7.2 % when depth reached 10cm and 44.6% at 20cm
depth. For biofertilizers, soil permeability increased by 48, 47 and 52%
for A.chroococcum, B.megatherium and B.circulans respectively, these
increases achieved when organic increased by 100% at zero, 10 and 20
cm of trickle irrigation depth. While B.megatherium as sole treatment
surpassed other biofertilizers. Fig (1) declares that organic matter has a
significant effect on permeability whereas, a non significant relation
found with trickle irrigation depth.
But, these treatment when mixed together give a strong correlation
with permeability, generally the simple and multiple correlations values
were 0.859***, -0.494 NS, 0.158 NS and R= 0.981*** for organic
matter, trickle irrigation, bio-fertilizer and interaction, respectively, and
the multiple regression was Y= 3.7E-05+7.07E-06x1- 1.08E-06x2+3.3E-
06x3, where Y, x1,x2 and x3 are air permeability, organic matter, trickle
irrigation depth and bio-fertilizer, respectively.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 79
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Table (2). Some soil physiochemical properties and quinoa yield as
affected by studied factors.
Straw
yield
kg/fed
Seed
yield
kg/fed
Total
porosity
Air
permeability
CO2/100g
dry soil
Bio
fertilization
Organic
Manure
Ton/fed.
Depth of
latellier/cm
A.chroococcum 8.3 7.51 E-05 35.04 932.92 958.9
5
0 cm
B.megatherium 9.2 7.80E05 36.10 1020.2 1292
B.circulans 8.8 7.60E05 35.30 987.2 1170
A.chroococcum 11.3 11.41 E-05 37.19 1015.2 1172
10 B.megatherium 13.1 11.90E-05 37.80 1190.8 1640
B.circulans 12.9 11.50E-05 37.32 1072.9 1290
A.chroococcum 7.6 6.70E-05 34.80 1079.9 1280
5
10 cm
B.megatherium 8.4 7.53E-05 35.06 1215 1360
B.circulans 8.1 7.45E-05 35.04 1209 1296
A.chroococcum 9.9 10.30E-05 36.60 1478.3 1568.4
10 B.megatherium 11.1 10.80E-05 36.90 1602.8 1842.9
B.circulans 10.8 10.77E-05 36.80 1573.0 1792.8
A.chroococcum 7.1 5.60E-05 34.60 877.6 1390.8
5
20 cm
B.megatherium 7.6 6.50E-05 34.70 1032.7 1382
B.circulans 7.2 5.63E-05 34.62 982.6 1203.6
A.chroococcum 9.2 7.90E-05 36.19 1197.6 1511.8
10 B.megatherium 9.8 9.60E-05 36.40 1211.8 1503.9
B.circulans 9.5 9.20E-05 36.22 1029.6 1380
Fig (1). Air permeability affected by studied factors.
80 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020
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Impact of studied treatments on soil porosity:
A second way to express soil respiration is soil porosity which shown
in table (2),it increased by increasing additive organic manure from 0.5 to
1% by 5.1%, whereas, porosity increase by addition organic manure
comparing to initial soil by 8.73 and 13.8% for 0.5% and 1% respectively.
Soil porosity also decreased by depth by 2.7% while comparing to control it
increase at each depth, this increase reached 9.6, 8.03 and 6.79% for depths
zero, 10 and 20cm respectively. Bio fertilizers also increase soil porosity by
7.6, 9.2 and 8.08% for A.chroococcum, B.megatherium and B.circulans
comparing to control. Fig (2 ) declare the simple regression relations of
studied factors and the positive significant between organic matter and soil
porosity while, each of trickle depth and bio-fertilizers has no significant
relation with soil porosity, the simple correlation emphasize this relation
where were as follow 0.883 ***, -0.402NS and 0.167NS for organic matter,
trickle depth and bio- fertilizers respectively. By mixing all study factors it
gives a highly significant multiple correlations where R=0.960*** and the
multiple regression was Y= 33.3+ 0.36 x1 – 0.04x2 + 0.18x3 where Y, x1, x2
and x3are porosity, organic matter, trickle depth and bio-fertilizer
respectively.
Fig (2). Soil porosity affected by studied factors.
Air permeability relating to porosity and carbon dioxide:
Soil respiration happen as a result of porosity improvement and carbon
dioxide evolution. Tables (2) point out that soil respiration increased by
112% as a result of increasing porosity by 9% this mean that every 1% of
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 81
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porosity improvement led to increasing respiration 12%. Also, soil
respiration improved by increasing carbon dioxide evolution whatever,
increasing respiration by 112% refer to increasing CO2 evolution by 84%
(every 1% CO2 increase led to increased respiration by 1.33%). Fig (3) come
to assure this result which declare the linear relation among respiration,
porosity and CO2 and the simple correlation values were r= 0.963*** and
0.959*** for porosity and CO2evolution with respiration respectively.
Fig (3). Soil air permeability relating to soil porosity and CO2evolution.
Soil microbial activities in rhizosphere of Quinoa plant affected by
studied factors:
To examine the effect of biofertilization treatments on microbial
and soil enzymatic activities in rhizosphere of quinoa, soil CO2 evolution
and enzymes dehydogenase and phosphotase were determine and explain
as follow:
CO2 evolution:
CO2 was determined as an indicator of the biological activity in
quinoa plant rhizosphere. Initial CO2 in quinoa rhizosphere was 7.1mg
CO2/100g dry soil/24 hrthis value increased with different biofertilization
treatments, maximum value obtained with phosphate dissolving bacteria
(B.megatherium), depth of latellier and organic matter 10 T/fed being
13.1 mg CO2/100g dry soil/24 hr with 85% of increase over control.
These results in compatible with those described by Visser and Dennis,
(1992).
Table (3) show the values of soil enzymes Dehydrogenase and
Phosphatase which were measured to study the effect of different
biofertilization treatments, depth of latellier and organic matter on soil
enzymatic activity at harvesting stage of quinoa, soil enzymes varied
within different biofertilization treatments and quinoa genotypes.
B.megatherium inoculation gave higher values for soil enzymatic activity
than B.circulans and A.chroococcum
82 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020
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Table (3). CO2 evolution and enzymatic activity in quinoa
rhizosphere affected by studied factors.
Depth of
latellier
Organic
manure
ton/fed
Bio CO2 evolution
(mg CO2/100g
dry soil/24 hr)
Dehydrogenase
(μlDHA/g dry soil)
Phosphatase
0 cm
5
Control 7.1 11.6 0.12
A.chroococcum 8.3 12.9 0.14
B.megatherium 9.2 13.5 0.16
B.circulans 8.8 13.2 0.15
10
Control 7.6 12.3 0.12
A.chroococcum 11.3 13.9 0.15
B.megatherium 13.1 14.3 0.19
B.circulans 12.9 14.1 0.18
10cm
5
Control 6.8 11.3 0.12
A.chroococcum 7.6 12.6 0.13
B.megatherium 8.4 13.1 0.14
B.circulans 8.1 12.9 0.14
10
Control 7.3 11.8 0.12
A.chroococcum 9.9 13.1 0.15
B.megatherium 11.1 13.8 0.17
B.circulans 10.8 13.5 0.15
20cm
5
Control 6.2 10.9 0.11
A.chroococcum 7.1 11.8 0.12
B.megatherium 7.6 12.1 0.13
B.circulans 7.2 12 0.12
10
Control 7 11.3 0.11
A.chroococcum 9.2 12.8 0.14
B.megatherium 9.8 13 0.15
B.circulans 9.5 12.9 0.14
L.S.D. at 5% 0.064 0.082 0.05
Total microbial counts: initial total microbial counts before cultivation
were 51 ×105 cfu/g dry soil
Table (4) show that Total microbial counts differ with different
biofertilization treatments which might be due to the simulative effect of
added biofertilizers on microbial community in quinoa plant rhizosphere
and leads to increase total microbial counts. The enhancement of
microbial activity is a good indicator for many soil improvements.
The highest counts were associated with (A.chroococcum, Bacillus
megatherium and Bacillus circulans) being 96,112 and 108 ×105cfu/g
dry soil respectively. These results are in consonance with those obtained
by Ashrafuzzaman et al., (2009) who reported that, inoculation with the
plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, had stimulation effect on the
population of rhizosphere microorganism and increased their numbers by
more than 50% at the end of the experiment comparing with the number
recorded before planting.
Bacillus counts: The initial counts of Bacillus in Wadisurdr soil was 25
×102cfu/ gm dry soil. Data recorded in Table (4) showed a marked
increase in counts. The counts under (Bacillus megatherium ) showed the
highest counts.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 83
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Table 4. Total microbial counts and PDB counts in quinoa
rhizosphere affected by studied factors.
Depth
of
latellier
Organic
matter
ton/fed
Bio
fertilizzers
Total microbial counts
×105cfu/g dry soil
PDB counts
×102cfu/g dry soil
0 cm
0 Control 51 25
A.chroococcum 68 36
B.megatherium 75 42
B.circulans 71 40
10 Control 70 30
A.chroococcum 96 41
B.megatherium 112 49
B.circulans 108 47
10cm
0 Control 47 24
A.chroococcum 60 33
B.megatherium 72 39
B.circulans 68 36
10 Control 66 27
A.chroococcum 77 35
B.megatherium 93 44
B.circulans 86 41
20cm
0 Control 39 23
A.chroococcum 51 29
B.megatherium 63 34
B.circulans 57 32
10 Control 58 25
A.chroococcum 73 31
B.megatherium 84 40
B.circulans 77 37
L.S.D. at 5% 1 1.62 1.09
Quinoa seed and straw yields affected by soil permeability, CO2 and
studied factors:
Quinoa yield comes as proceeds of organic matter, applied water,
bio-fertilizers treatment and improved soil respiration whatever, Table
(2) point out that, seed and straw yields increased by 22 and 21% as
organic matter increased respectively. Meantime, irrigation depth and
biofertilizers have no direct significant effect however, they have an
important role though indirect effect on soil permeability, total porosity
and soil respiration. Also, permeability increased by 112% resulted in an
increase on seed and straw yields by 82% (725kg/fed.) and 92 %(
884kg/fed.), for seed and straw yields respectively. This means that every
1% improvement in permeability led to increase in seed and straw by
6.5kg/fed., and 8kg/fed., respectively. Therefore, Fig (4) show these
significant and non significant effects on quinoa yield, and simple and
multiple correlations were: (r=0.104NS, r=0.264NS), (r=0.236NS,
r=0.365NS), (r=0.415NS, r=0.435NS), (r= 0.542*, r=0.484NS),
(r=0.550*, r=0.605*), and (R= 0.664*, R= 0.624*) for seed and straw
84 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020
11
yields with irrigation depth, bio fertilizer, CO2 evolution, air
permeability, organic matter and interaction. The multiple regressions
were: Y1=1016+16x1+16059434x2-146x3 and Y2= 1080+61.8x1-41649x2-
15.8x3, where Y1,Y2,x1,x2,x3 are seed, straw, organic matter, air
permeability and CO2 evolutions, respectively.
Fig: (4) seed and straw yield affected by air permeability, CO2evolution
and organic matter.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 85
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Water use efficiency:
Improving water use efficiency requires a development of satisfactory
means to estimate crop water requirements or evapotranspiration (ETo).
Water use efficiency as cumulative study involves Eta and yield that called
Water economy which express the water quantity by cubic meter need to
product one kilo gram of quinoa seed and straw yield. This ratio is to
coming out improved all the previous studied parameters and treatments.
Whatever, table (5) and Figs (5, 6) illustrate that seed and straw water use
efficiency affected significantly by organic matter r=0.554* and r=0.589*
respectively. in contrast, irrigation depth, bio- fertilizers and carbon dioxide
show no significant correlation with the two yield parameters where, ,
(r=0.126NS, r= 0.356NS) and (0.232NS, 0.346NS), (r=0.375NS,
r=0.379NS) while air permeability show the values (r= 0.505* , r=
0.435NS), for water use of seed and straw, respectively. Carbon dioxide and
permeability when coupled with organic matter as mixing technique show
significance correlation value were: R= 0.672* and R= 0.670* for water
used of seed and straw respectively, and the multiple regression were:
Y1=0.851+0.021x1+1100.7x2-0.116x3 and Y2=0.89+0.05x1-689.7x2-0.02x3
where, Y1, Y2,x1,x2 and x3 are water use of (seed, straw), organic matter,
permeability and carbon dioxide, respectively.
Table (5): Applied water and water use efficiency for seed and straw
yields.
WUE seed
WUE
straw
Total Eta
(m3)
Total
Eta
(mm)
Actual Evapotranspiration of
different stages(mm)
treatments
biofertilizer In. Devil. Mid late
Organic
manure
Ton/fed
lateral
depth
A.chroococcum 25.32 62.98 154.79 73.98 317.07 1331.694 0.72006 0.700551
5 ton/fed
0.0cm
B.megatherium 24.96 62.42 153.92 73.52 314.82 1322.244 0.977127 0.771567
B.circulans 25.01 62.07 153.6 73.54 314.22 1319.724 0.886549 0.748035
A.chroococcum 24.27 61.67 153.63 72.74 312.31 1311.702 0.893496 0.773956
10
ton/fed
B.megatherium 24.18 61.18 153.5 72.37 311.23 1307.166 1.254623 0.910978
B.circulans 24.23 61.21 153.44 72.24 311.12 1306.704 0.987217 0.821073
A.chroococcum 23.48 60.37 152.46 71.49 307.8 1292.76 0.99013 0.835345
5 ton/fed
10cm
B.megatherium 23.05 59.11 152.17 71.08 305.41 1282.722 1.060245 0.947204
B.circulans 22.61 59.43 151.94 71.00 304.98 1280.916 1.011776 0.943856
A.chroococcum 22.26 59.23 151.86 70.9 304.25 1277.85 1.227374 1.156865
10
ton/fed
B.megatherium 21.98 59.18 150.94 70.81 302.91 1272.222 1.448568 1.259843
B.circulans 22.12 59.21 151.03 70.74 303.1 1273.02 1.408305 1.235644
A.chroococcum 21.93 59.11 150.96 70.13 302.13 1268.946 1.096028 0.691598
5 ton/fed
20cm
B.megatherium 21.23 58.63 150.56 68.81 299.23 1256.766 1.099648 0.821712
B.circulans 21.43 58.57 150.61 69.12 299.73 1258.866 0.956099 0.780544
A.chroococcum 21.86 57.37 150.62 69.67 299.52 1257.984 1.201764 0.951999
10
ton/fed
B.megatherium 21.40 57.21 150.38 69.28 298.27 1252.734 1.200494 0.967324a
B.circulans 21.36 57.20 150.40 69.17 298.13 1252.146 1.102108 0.822268
CONTROL 25.62 64.02 156.34 74.79 320.77 1347.234 0.549125 0.527228
86 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020
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Fig (5) WUE of seed affected by air permeability, Co2concentration and
organic matter.
Fig (6)WUE of straw affected by air permeability, Co2concentration and
organic matter.
CONCLUSION
Based upon results, the following can be concluded:
The effects of the applied treatments which improve most of
studied soil characters terminally affect positively the crop yield
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 87
14
parameters. This complementally effect sustained over the studied
successive season of cultivation with quinoa crop which indicate
durability of these treatments in face of environmental and climatological
conditions.
The obvious role of organic matter and soil respiration in
producing crops has been detected with yield parameters while, irrigation
depth and bio fertilizers role hasn’t detect, in which organic manure
application had the major role in improving quinoa crop, WUE based
upon it has the magnitude values of correlation. Whilst, organic matter,
respiration and carbon dioxide led to increase seed and straw yields and
WUE by mixing technique through significantly effect on the all
aforementioned studied parameters.
Soil air permeability increase by 49.9% as organic matter increase.
Trickle irrigation depth led to decreasing permeability by 7.2 % when
depth reached 10cm and 44.6% at 20cm depth. For bio-fertilizers, soil
permeability increased by 48, 47 and 52% as general medium increase
for A.chroococcum, Bacillus megatherium and Bacillus
circulansrespectively, these increases achieved when organic matter
increased by 100% at zero, 10 and 20cm of trickle irrigation depth.
Bacillus megatherium as a sole treatment surpassed other biofertilization
treatments. Meantime, air permeability increased by 112% as a result of
increasing porosity by 9% this mean that every 1% of porosity
improvement led to increasing respiration 12%. Also, soil respiration
improved by increasing carbon dioxide evolution whatever, increasing
respiration by 112% refer to increasing CO2 evolution by 84% (every 1%
CO2 increase led to increased respiration by 1.33%). Total porosity
decreased by trickle depth by 2.7%, while comparing to control it
increase at each depth, this increase reached 9.6, 8.03 and 6.79% for
depths zero, 10 and 20cm respectively. Bio fertilizers also increase soil
porosity by 7.6, 9.2 and 8.08% for A.chroococcum, Bacillus megatherium
and Bacillus circulanscomparing to control. Also, total porosity
increased by increasing additive organic manure from 0.5 to 1% by 5.1%.
We recommended with using these biofertilization treatments as mixture
which will maximizes its benfits .
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تاثیر الرى تحت سطحى والتسمید الحیوى عمى تنفس التربة والنشاط المیکروبى
وکفاءة الاستهلاک المائى لمکینوا تحت ظروف الاجهاد المائى
1عمرو محمود عبد الجواد , 2 مجدى حسن ذکى , 3 جهان جمال عبد الغنى
-1 قسم خصوبة ومیکروبیولوجیا الا ا رضى – مرکز بحوث الصح ا رء
2,3 – قسم کمیاء وطبیعة ال ا رضى - مرکز بحوث الصح ا رء
2018 بالمحطة الاقمیمیة لمرکز بحوث - اقیمت تجربة حقمیة لمموسم الشتوى 2017
الصح ا رء بمنطقة وادى سدر – جنوب سیناء لد ا رسة تاثیر کل من المادة العضویة وعمق خط
الرى ) تنقیط تحت سطحى( والتسمید الحیوى عمى بعض خواص التربة الطبیعیة ) نفاذیة
الیواء – المسامیة الکمیة – ت ا رکم غاز ثانى اکسید الکربون( و تنفس التربة والنشاط المیکروبى
وانعکاس ذلک عمى الانتاجیة وکفاءة الاستیلاک المائى لمحصول الکینوا وقد اشارت النتائج الى
- زیادة نفاذیة التربة لمیواء بنسبة 49.9 % بزیادة المادة العضویة. عند عمق 10 سم
خط التنقبط ادى الى نقص النفاذىة بنسبة 7.2 و 44.6 عند عمق 20 سم .
- فى حین ا زدت النفاذیة مع التسمید الحیوى بنسبة 48.7 % و 52 % کمتوسط عام لکل
من البکتریا المثبتة لمفوسفات والبوتاسیوم عمى التوالى وکان لمبکتریا المثبتة لمفوسفات دور واضح
عن باقى المقاحات .
- حدثت زیادة فى النفاذیة بنسبة 112 % کنتیجة لذیادة المسامیة بنسبة 9% وىذا یعنى
انو عند تحسن المسامیة المسامیة بنسبة 1% یؤدى الى تحسن تنفس التربة بنسبة 12 %. وقد
ادت زیادة تصاعد غاز ثانى اکسید الکربون بنسبة 1% الى تحسن فى تنفس التربة بنسبة
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 91
18
%1.33 .وعموما نقصت المسامیة الکمیة بنسبة 2.7 % مقارنة بالکنترول فى حین ادى التسمید
8.08 لکل من البکتریا المثبتة للازوت والبکتریا , 9.2, الحیوىالى ذیادة المسامیة بنسبة 7.6
المیسره لمفوسفات والبوتاسیوم عمى التوالى مقارنة بالکنترول کما ادى زیادة المادة العضویة من
. % صفر الى 1% الى زیادة المسامیة الکمیة بنسبة 5.1
محصول الکینوا ) بذور وسیقان( ا زد بنسبة 22 %و 21 % عمى التوالى بزیادة المادة
العضویة.وعند فحص التاثیر المباشر لعمق خط التنقیط والتسمید الحیوى لم یظیر تاثیر معنوى
ولکن کان لیم دور فعال من خلال التاثیر الغیر مباشر ) تاثیرىم عمى کل من النفاذیة –
% المسامیة الکمیة – تنفس التربة وتصاعد غاز ثنى اکسید الکربون( فقد لوحظ ان کل تحسن 1
لمنفاذیة یؤدى الى زیادة 6.5 کجم/ف و 8 کجم/ف لکل من محصول البذور والسیقان عمى
التوالى.
تصاعد غاز ثانى اکسید الکربون لم یکن لو تاثیر معنوى عمى المحصول ولکن
عندماحدث تداخل بین المادة العضویة ونفاذیة الیواء کان ىناک تاثیر معنوى.
کفاءة الاستیلاک المائى تاثرت معنویا بالمادة العضویة وکان معامل الارتباط 0.554
و 0.589 عمى التوالى.
کانت علاقة الارتباط بین عمق الرى وتصاعد غاز ثانى اکسید الکربون غیر معنویة فى
حین کانت علاقة الارتباط بین الماء المستیمک وکفاءة الاستیلاک المائى علاقة معنویة ووصمت
0.505 فى حالة محصول البذور.
92 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020
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