NATURAL BYPRODUCTS AS NUTRIENT ADDITIVES FOR OPTIMIZATION OF PROTEIN CONTENT IN

Kassem, A. M.; Khaleafa, A. F.; Shaalan, S. H.; El-Maghrabi, D. M.

doi:10.21608/egyjs.2003.113465

NATURAL BYPRODUCTS AS NUTRIENT ADDITIVES FOR OPTIMIZATION OF PROTEIN CONTENT IN Toed CULTURES

Egyptian Journal of Phycology

Article 5, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2003, Page 73-86 PDF (360.07 K)

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.21608/egyjs.2003.113465

View on SCiNiTO

Authors

A. M. Kassem; A. F. Khaleafa; S. H. Shaalan; D. M. El-Maghrabi

Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Abstract

The present paper aims to formulate a byproduct-supplemented medium suitable for the production of large amounts of protein rich Dunaliella salina biomass. Components of the MH basal growth medium were examined for partial replacement by cheese whey, beet molasses, and yeast fermentation liquor. Maximum growth rate was achieved after 8 days of incubation in the presence of 0.4% fermentation liquor that replaced ¾ of the weight of all medium components other than NaCl. Interestingly, the presence of fermentation liquor or cheese whey resulted in more than 1.5 and1.4-fold increases, respectively, in algal protein production. By application of three sequential multi-factorial experimental designs, medium composition was further optimized with respect to protein content in Dunaliella cultures. Among medium components, fermentation liquor was the most significant factor that affected the response. Compared to the basal condition, the optimized medium formula resulted in approximately a 1.7-fold increase in the protein content of Dunaliella salina cultures.

Keywords

Dunaliella salina; protein; optimization; byproducts

References

Ben-Amotz, A. and Avron, M. (1980). Glycerol, beta-carotene and dry algal meal production by commercial cultivation of Dunaliella. In G. Shelf and C.J. Soeder (Eds). Algae biomass: Production and Use. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 603-610.

Ben-Amotz, A. and Avron, M. (1983). Accumulation of metabolites by halotolerant algae and its industrial potential. A. Rev. Microbial., 37: 95-119.

Bloor, S. and England, R.R. (1991). Elucidation and optimization of the medium constituents controlling antibiotic production by the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 13: 76-81.

Boyd, C. E. (1973). Amino acid composition of fresh water algae. Hydrobiol., 72:1-9.

Chatfield, C. (1975). Statistics for Technology. Chapman and Hall, London, England, pp. 271–276

Dam, R.; Lee, S.; Fry, P.C. and Fox, H. (1965). Utilization of algae as protein sourcefor humans. J. Nutrition, 86: 376-382.

Fabregas, J.; Herrero, C.; Abalde, J.; Liano, R. and Cabezas, B. (1986). Biomass production and biochemical variability of the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (Butcher) with high nutrient concentrations. Aquaculture, 53:187-199.

Fabregas, J.; Herrero, C.; Cabezas, B. and Abalde, J. (1985). Mass culture and biochemical variability of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica Kylin (Butcher) with high nutrient concentrations. Aquaculture, 49: 231-244.

Ford, T. and Mitchell, R. (1992). Microbial transport of toxic metals. Environ Microbiol, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 83-101.

Gerlach, R.F.; De Souza, A.P.; Cury, J.A. and Line, S.R.P. (2000).  Effect of lead, cadmium and zinc on the activity of enamel matrix proteinases in vitro. Europ. J. Oral. Sci., 108: 327-334.

Hartree, E.F. (1972). A modification of Lawry method that gives a linear photometric response. Analyt. Biochem., 48: 422.

Johnson, M.; Johnson, J.; MacEllory, R. D.; Speer, H.L. and Bruff,. (1968). Effect of salt on the halophilic alga Dunaliella viridis. Journal of Bacteriology, 95: 1461 – 1468.

Loeblich, L.A. (1982). Photosynthesis and pigments influenced by light intensity and salinity in the halophilic Danaliella salina (Chlorophyta). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 62: 493-508.

Mahasneh, I.A. (1997).  Production of single cell protein from five strains of the microalga Chlorella spp. (Chlorophyta).Cytobios, 90 (362-363): 153-161.

Montgomery, C.D. (1991). Design and analysis of experiments. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York.

Myklestad, S. and Haug, A. (1972). Production of carbohydrates by the marine diatom Chaetoceros affinis var. Willei (Gran) Hustedt: I. Effect of the concentration of nutrients in the culture medium. J. Exp. Biol. Ecol., 9: 125-136.

Orset, S.C. and Young, A.J. (2000).  Exposure to low irradiances favors the synthesis of 9-cis beta,beta-carotene in Dunaliella salina. Plant Physiol. (Rockville). 122: 609-617.

Park, D.; Ruy, H.; Lee, K.; Kang, C.; Kim, T. and Lee, H. (1998).  The production of hydrocarbons from photoautotrophic growth of Dunaliella salina 1650. In: Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Spring, 70-72: 739-746.

Parkinson, G. (1987). New techniques may squeeze more chemicals from algae. Chem. Eng. 94: 19-22.

Parsons, T.R. and Takahashi, M. (1973). Biological Oceanographic Processes. Pergamon Press, New York, NY, pp. 39-49.

Peppler, H.J. (1968). Industrial production of single cell protein from carbohydrates. In R. I. Mateles and R. S. Tannenbaum (Eds). Single cell protein. M.I.T. Press Cambridge, pp. 229-241.

Plackett, R.L. and Burman, J.P. (1946). The design of optimum multifactorial experiments. Biometrika. 33: 305-325

Rivier, J. (1977). Microbial proteins. In M O. Moss and J. E. Smith (Eds). Industrial applications of microbiology. SurreyUniv. Press, pp. 105-149.

Robert, R.L.G. (1979). Growth measurements. Division rate. In R. J. Stein (Ed). Physiological methods. Culture methods and growth measurements. CambridgeUniv. Press, Cambridge, 29: 311.

Schwarz, T.; Bartholmes, P. and Kaufmann, M. (1995).  Large-scale production of algal biomass for protein purification: Tryptophan synthase from Euglena gracilis. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 22: 179-190.

Shifrin, N.S. and Chishlom, S.W. (1981). Phytoplankton lipids: Interspecific difference and effects of nitrate, silicate and light-dark cycles. J. Phycol., 17: 374-384.

Shirai, F.; Kunii, K.; Sato, C.; Teramoto, Y.; Mizuki, E.; Murao, S. and Nakayama, S. (1998). Cultivation of microalgae in the solution from the desalting process of soy sauce waste treatment and utilization of the algal biomass for ethanol fermentation.World J. Microbiol.Biotechnol.,14:839-842.

Thakur, A.; Kumar, H.D. and Cowsik, S.M. (2000).  Effect of pH and inorganic carbon concentration on growth, glycerol production, photosynthesis and dark respiration of Dunaliella salina. In: Cytobios, 102 (400): 69-74.

Thomas, D.E. (1984). Single cell protein. In D. B. Thomas (Eds). Biotechnology. A textbook of industrial microbiology. WisconsinUniv. Madison U.S.A., pp. 267-275

Yamaoka, Y.; Takimura, O.; Fuse, H. and Kamimura, K. (1994).  Beta-Carotene production by Dunaliella salina in fed-batch and semi-continuous cultures under nutrient supplement.Seibutsu-Kogaku Kaishi. 72: 111-114.

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	NATURAL BYPRODUCTS AS NUTRIENT ADDITIVES FOR OPTIMIZATION OF PROTEIN CONTENT IN Toed CULTURES
Egyptian Journal of Phycology
Article 5, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2003, Page 73-86 PDF (360.07 K)
Document Type: Original Article
DOI: 10.21608/egyjs.2003.113465
View on SCiNiTO
Authors
A. M. Kassem; A. F. Khaleafa; S. H. Shaalan; D. M. El-Maghrabi
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Abstract
The present paper aims to formulate a byproduct-supplemented medium suitable for the production of large amounts of protein rich Dunaliella salina biomass. Components of the MH basal growth medium were examined for partial replacement by cheese whey, beet molasses, and yeast fermentation liquor. Maximum growth rate was achieved after 8 days of incubation in the presence of 0.4% fermentation liquor that replaced ¾ of the weight of all medium components other than NaCl. Interestingly, the presence of fermentation liquor or cheese whey resulted in more than 1.5 and1.4-fold increases, respectively, in algal protein production. By application of three sequential multi-factorial experimental designs, medium composition was further optimized with respect to protein content in Dunaliella cultures. Among medium components, fermentation liquor was the most significant factor that affected the response. Compared to the basal condition, the optimized medium formula resulted in approximately a 1.7-fold increase in the protein content of Dunaliella salina cultures.
Keywords
Dunaliella salina; protein; optimization; byproducts


References
Ben-Amotz, A. and Avron, M. (1980). Glycerol, beta-carotene and dry algal meal production by commercial cultivation of Dunaliella. In G. Shelf and C.J. Soeder (Eds). Algae biomass: Production and Use. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 603-610. Ben-Amotz, A. and Avron, M. (1983). Accumulation of metabolites by halotolerant algae and its industrial potential. A. Rev. Microbial., 37: 95-119. Bloor, S. and England, R.R. (1991). Elucidation and optimization of the medium constituents controlling antibiotic production by the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 13: 76-81. Boyd, C. E. (1973). Amino acid composition of fresh water algae. Hydrobiol., 72:1-9. Chatfield, C. (1975). Statistics for Technology. Chapman and Hall, London, England, pp. 271–276 Dam, R.; Lee, S.; Fry, P.C. and Fox, H. (1965). Utilization of algae as protein sourcefor humans. J. Nutrition, 86: 376-382. Fabregas, J.; Herrero, C.; Abalde, J.; Liano, R. and Cabezas, B. (1986). Biomass production and biochemical variability of the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (Butcher) with high nutrient concentrations. Aquaculture, 53:187-199. Fabregas, J.; Herrero, C.; Cabezas, B. and Abalde, J. (1985). Mass culture and biochemical variability of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica Kylin (Butcher) with high nutrient concentrations. Aquaculture, 49: 231-244. Ford, T. and Mitchell, R. (1992). Microbial transport of toxic metals. Environ Microbiol, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 83-101. Gerlach, R.F.; De Souza, A.P.; Cury, J.A. and Line, S.R.P. (2000). Effect of lead, cadmium and zinc on the activity of enamel matrix proteinases in vitro. Europ. J. Oral. Sci., 108: 327-334. Hartree, E.F. (1972). A modification of Lawry method that gives a linear photometric response. Analyt. Biochem., 48: 422. Johnson, M.; Johnson, J.; MacEllory, R. D.; Speer, H.L. and Bruff,. (1968). Effect of salt on the halophilic alga Dunaliella viridis. Journal of Bacteriology, 95: 1461 – 1468. Loeblich, L.A. (1982). Photosynthesis and pigments influenced by light intensity and salinity in the halophilic Danaliella salina (Chlorophyta). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 62: 493-508. Mahasneh, I.A. (1997). Production of single cell protein from five strains of the microalga Chlorella spp. (Chlorophyta).Cytobios, 90 (362-363): 153-161. Montgomery, C.D. (1991). Design and analysis of experiments. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York. Myklestad, S. and Haug, A. (1972). Production of carbohydrates by the marine diatom Chaetoceros affinis var. Willei (Gran) Hustedt: I. Effect of the concentration of nutrients in the culture medium. J. Exp. Biol. Ecol., 9: 125-136. Orset, S.C. and Young, A.J. (2000). Exposure to low irradiances favors the synthesis of 9-cis beta,beta-carotene in Dunaliella salina. Plant Physiol. (Rockville). 122: 609-617. Park, D.; Ruy, H.; Lee, K.; Kang, C.; Kim, T. and Lee, H. (1998). The production of hydrocarbons from photoautotrophic growth of Dunaliella salina 1650. In: Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Spring, 70-72: 739-746. Parkinson, G. (1987). New techniques may squeeze more chemicals from algae. Chem. Eng. 94: 19-22. Parsons, T.R. and Takahashi, M. (1973). Biological Oceanographic Processes. Pergamon Press, New York, NY, pp. 39-49. Peppler, H.J. (1968). Industrial production of single cell protein from carbohydrates. In R. I. Mateles and R. S. Tannenbaum (Eds). Single cell protein. M.I.T. Press Cambridge, pp. 229-241. Plackett, R.L. and Burman, J.P. (1946). The design of optimum multifactorial experiments. Biometrika. 33: 305-325 Rivier, J. (1977). Microbial proteins. In M O. Moss and J. E. Smith (Eds). Industrial applications of microbiology. SurreyUniv. Press, pp. 105-149. Robert, R.L.G. (1979). Growth measurements. Division rate. In R. J. Stein (Ed). Physiological methods. Culture methods and growth measurements. CambridgeUniv. Press, Cambridge, 29: 311. Schwarz, T.; Bartholmes, P. and Kaufmann, M. (1995). Large-scale production of algal biomass for protein purification: Tryptophan synthase from Euglena gracilis. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 22: 179-190. Shifrin, N.S. and Chishlom, S.W. (1981). Phytoplankton lipids: Interspecific difference and effects of nitrate, silicate and light-dark cycles. J. Phycol., 17: 374-384. Shirai, F.; Kunii, K.; Sato, C.; Teramoto, Y.; Mizuki, E.; Murao, S. and Nakayama, S. (1998). Cultivation of microalgae in the solution from the desalting process of soy sauce waste treatment and utilization of the algal biomass for ethanol fermentation.World J. Microbiol.Biotechnol.,14:839-842. Thakur, A.; Kumar, H.D. and Cowsik, S.M. (2000). Effect of pH and inorganic carbon concentration on growth, glycerol production, photosynthesis and dark respiration of Dunaliella salina. In: Cytobios, 102 (400): 69-74. Thomas, D.E. (1984). Single cell protein. In D. B. Thomas (Eds). Biotechnology. A textbook of industrial microbiology. WisconsinUniv. Madison U.S.A., pp. 267-275 Yamaoka, Y.; Takimura, O.; Fuse, H. and Kamimura, K. (1994). Beta-Carotene production by Dunaliella salina in fed-batch and semi-continuous cultures under nutrient supplement.Seibutsu-Kogaku Kaishi. 72: 111-114.
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NATURAL BYPRODUCTS AS NUTRIENT ADDITIVES FOR OPTIMIZATION OF PROTEIN CONTENT IN Toed CULTURES