THE POTENTIAL EFFECT OF TEMPERATUREHUMIDITY
INDEX ON MILK PRODUCTION AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING
EGYPTIAN BUFFALOES
El-Khashab, M. 1; G. Ashour2 and A. Rohayem1
1Department of Animal production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University
2Department of Animal production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
Key Words: Egyptian buffaloes, temperature-humidity index (THI),
hormonal profile, milk production, milk composition.
ABCTRACT
Ten Egyptian buffaloes (Babalusbubalis) were housed in shaded
open yards and they were maintained under the same managerial and
environmental conditions. Milk samples (30 ml each) were collected
once weekly and milk samples were collected at 6:00 am and 6:00 pm
and mixed. Blood samples (10 ml each) were collected monthly.
Ambient temperature (AT, °C) and relative humidity (RH, %) were
measured two times daily (07:00 am and 2:00 pm) the maximum
temperature was recorded during summer where it was 39.93 ± 0.34. The
maximum relative humidity was recorded during summer where it was
74.62 ± 0.49 and the maximum THI was recorded during summer where
it was 96.32 ± 0.57 but the average was 80.37 ± 0.36.The maximum
average of weekly milk yield and sold not fat (S.N.F) were recorded
during THI was in no stress. The maximum average of milk fat (F) %
and protein % were recorded during THI was in heat stress. The
maximum average of IGF-1 was recorded during THI was in heat stress.
there was decrees in Cholesterol during THI was in no stress combating
to the other THI and the maximum concentration of T.P was recorded
during THI was in no stress combating to the other THI and the same
result was recorded in Albumin, Alb / Glo ratio and Glucose. There was
increase in Blood hemoglobin during THI was in no stress combating to
the other THI and the maximum concentration RBCs was recorded
during THI was in no stress.
INTRODUCTION
Egyptian buffaloes contribute about 47% and 31% of the national
milk and meat production, respectively (Malr, 2010). Buffaloes are
distributed along Egypt between the geographical coordinates of 20.8-
32.8○North latitude and 25.3-35.8○East longitude. Thus, buffaloes suffer
from heat stress in Upper Egypt relative to Delta region due to the
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 104-115
variation in the Temperature Humidity Index (THI) which is an index
that combines air temperature and relative humidity. Summer THI in
several areas of the Mediterranean basin is reported to be unfavorable to
cow welfare and productivity (Segnalini et al., 2011). Buffaloes exhibit
signs of great distress when exposed to direct solar radiation (Singh et
al., 2013).
The subtropical animals are equipped for less production of
metabolic heat and facilitated heat dissipation. Suitability of Egyptian
buffaloes to hot climate is achieved by morphological, anatomical and
physiological characteristics (Omran and Fooda, 2012). Buffaloes
contribute the highest share (51%) to national milk pail of India so
globally India is considering the first in milk production (BAHS, 2015).
Buffaloes are very prone to heat stress because of their morphological
and anatomical characteristics dark skin, sparse hair coat, less dense
sweat glands, have poor heat dissipation capacity (Marai and Haeeb,
2010).
Temperature-humidity index is a single value depicting the
integrated effects of air temperature and humidity associated with the
level of heat stress. This index has been developed as a weather safety
index to control and decrease heat-stress-related losses (Bohmanova et
al., 2007). It was indicated that, compared to other indexes, the THI is a
practical and useful tool and a standard for many applications in animal
biometeorology. THI is extensively used in hot regions all over the world
to evaluate the effect of heat stress on dairy cows and is currently used to
estimate cooling necessities of dairy cattle in order to improve the
efficiency of management strategies to alleviate the negative effects of
heat stress.
The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effect of
temperature-humidity index on milk production and physiological
performance of lactating Egyptian buffaloes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was performed at the Experimental Station of Animal
Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
The study lasted for 12 months from the beginning of November 2016
until the end of October 2017.
Experimental animals:
Ten primiparous Egyptian buffaloes (Babalusbubalis) were chosen
at their late pregnancy and housed in shaded open yards. They were
maintained under the same managerial and environmental conditions.
105 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
They were fed according to NRC (2001). The nutrient requirements were
adjusted according to the buffalo`s live body weight (BW), pregnancy
status, and subsequent milk production of each buffalo. Chemical
analysis of the ingredient rations was done according to A.O.A.C.
(2000). After calving, buffaloes were hand milked twice daily at 6:00 am
and 6:00 pm. The experimental work lasted until the buffaloes stop
lactation.
Experimental procedures:
Milk sampling and analysis:
Milk samples (30 ml each) were collected once weekly for each
lactating buffalo at 6:00 am and 6:00 pm and mixed. Milk samples were
kept frozen at (-20◦C) until the chemical analysis were executed.
Percentages of milk fat (F%), milk lactose (L%), milk protein (P%), milk
ash %, milk total solids (TS%), milk density, water content%, milk solids
not fat (SNF%) and milk freezing point (FP) were determined by
Ekomilk® analyzer (KAM 98-2A USA) at time of collecting the samples.
Daily milk yield (DMY,Kg) was recorded for each buffalo alongside.
Environmental measures:
Ambient temperature (AT°C) and relative humidity (RH%) were
measured two times daily (07:00 am and 2:00 pm) under the shade using
digital thermometer to the nearest 0.1°C and relative humidity (RH%)
was measured by using hygrometer. Climatic data were used to calculate
the THI according to (Mader et al., 2006) as follow:
THI =[0.8 × AT]+[(% RH / 100)×(AT − 14.4)]+46.4.
There are:
1- No stress that was THI was ≤ 70.
2- Mild stress that was THI was 70 to 80.
3- Sever Heat stress that was THI was ≥ 80.
Blood sampling and analysis:
Blood samples (10ml each) were collected to measuring blood
hormones and metabolites. Special commercial kits were used the
quantify blood plasma according to the procedures outlined by the
manufactures. Prolactin (PRL) and insulin–like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
were measured using Enzyme Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) kits.
Blood plasma metabolites were determined by using commercial kits
according to the procedures outlined by the manufactures. The
determination of total protein (g/dl) in the plasma was achieved by using
test kits combination provided by Dinmond Diagnostics (USA), this
determination was carried out by using spectrophotometer with
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 106
wavelength of 546 nm. Concentration of albumin in (g/dl) was
spectrophotometric ally measured by using test kits combination
provided by Diamond Diagnostics (USA), with the wavelength of 630
nm. Globulin concentration (Glb, g/dl) was calculated by subtracting Alb
values from TP values. Quantitative enzymatic colorimetric
determination of glucose (Glu) was used to assay Glucose concentration
(mg/dl) by using test kits combination provided by Diamond Diagnostics
(USA), with the wavelength of 546 nm. Concentration of total
cholesterol (TC, mg/dl) was quantified by colorimetric method described
by Burtis. et al. (2006). Values were assayed at wave length of 550 nm
by using Spectrophotometer. Linearity was to 3000 mg/dl. Quantitative
enzymatic colorimetric determination was used to assay Triglycerides
(TG) concentration (mg/dl) according to (Burtis. et al. 2006). Values
were measured at wave length of 500 nm by using a spectrophotometer.
Linearity was form 0 to 1000 mg/dl. Coefficients of variation within run
were 1.18% and 0.88% and between runs were 1.96% and 0.88%,
respectively.
Statistical analysis:
Data of temperature, humidity and THI were subjected to a oneway
analysis of variance with season as a fixed main effect using SPSS
21 (2012) program. The following model was used: Yij= μ + Si + eij.
Where, Yij the individual observation; μ=The overall mean; Si=The
season effect (S=1-4) and eij=random error term.
Data of milk yield, milk composition, hormonal profile and blood
metabolites were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance with THI
as a fixed main effect using SPSS (2012) program. The following model
was used: Yij= μ + THI i + eij. Where, Yij the individual observation;
μ=The overall mean; Si=The THI effect (S=1-3) and eij=random error
term.
Duncan’s multiple range tests was used to compare the differences
among means (Duncan’s, 1955).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Season effect on temperature, humidity and THI:
The temperature, relative humidity and THI values during different
season were presented in Tables (1,2 and 3) the maximum and minimum
temperature, relative humidity and THI were recorded during summer.
Critical THI value was reported to be between 69 and 74 according to the
studies of Mader et al. (2006), which means that buffaloes during
summer months were under heat stress. Analysis of diurnal change in
107 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
meteorological data indicated that the heat stress reached its maximum in
summer. Degree of temperature affects the levels of heat stress to which
animals are exposed (Fuquay, 1981). Five environmental factors
influence effective temperature: air temperature, humidity, air movement,
solar radiation, and rain precipitation (Igono et al., 1992). There are
many approaches to quantify heat stress, from complex formulas (Linvill
and Pardue, 1992) to simpler methods such as the temperature humidity
index (THI). THI can be used to estimate the effect of heat stress on
production (Ravagnolo et al., 2000).
Table (1): Means ± SE of temperature during seasons.
Season
Temperature
Max Min Average
Autumn 29.09 ± 0.38c 17.54 ± 0.32c 23.31 ± 0.32c
Winter 25.31 ± 0.38d 11.34 ± 0.32d 18.35 ± 0.32d
Spring 36.28 ± 0.37b 20.22 ± 0.31b 28.25 ± 0.31b
Summer 39.93 ± 0.34a 24.88 ± 0.29a 32.33 ± 0.28a
A,b,c…. Means within the same column with different superscripts are
significantly different at P ≤ 0.05.
Table (2): Mans ± SE of humidity during seasons.
Season
Humidity
Max Min Average
Autumn 67.11 ± 0.54c 19.31 ± 0.62b 42.93 ± 0.43c
Winter 70.74 ±0.53b 21.43 ± 0.63a 45.92 ± 0.43a
Spring 72.18 ± 0.53b 12.76 ± 0.62c 42.47 ±0.42c
Summer 74.62 ± 0.49a 14.45 ± 0.56c 44.93 ± 0.44b
A,b,c…. Means within the same column with different superscripts are
significantly different at P ≤ 0.05.
Table (3): Means ± SE of humidity index during seasons.
Season
THI
Max Min Average
Autumn 79.63 ± 0.63c 61.01 ± 0.32c 68.92 ± 0.4c
Winter 74.47 ± 0.62d 54.91 ± 0.32d 62.98 ± 0.39d
Spring 91.00 ± 0.62b 63.44 ± 0.33b 74.95 ± 0.39b
Summer 96.32 ± 0.57a 67.95 ± 0.29a 80.37 ± 0.36a
A,b,c…. Means within the same column with different superscripts are
significantly different at P ≤ 05
Effect of different THI on milk yield:
The weekly milk yield was presented in Table (4). The minimum
average of weekly milk yield was 23.15kg during the THI in sever heat
stress. Ravagnolo et al. (2000) determined that milk yield declined by
0.2 kg per unit increase in THI when THI exceedes72. Bouraoui et al.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 108
(2002) observed that the daily THI was negatively correlated to milk
yield. Same authors also determined that milk yield decreased by 0.41kg
per cow per day for each point increase in the THI exceeds 69. The
reduction in milk production during heat stress may be due to decreased
nutrient intake and decreased nutrient uptake by the portal drained
viscera of the cow. Blood flow shifted to peripheral tissues for cooling
purposes may alter nutrient metabolism and contribute to lower milk
yield during hot weather.
Effect of different THI on milk analysis:
The maximum average of milk sold not fat (S.N.F) % was
recorded during the THI in no stress on the other hand the maximum
average of milk Fat % and protein% were recorded during the THI in
sever heat stress because the decrease in milk yield compared to the rest
of the seasons and it was negative relationship with THI, The maximum
average of lactose % was recorded during the THI in no stress 5.89 ±
0.17. these results were agree with Hitesh et al. (2013) who reported that
in general for each point increase in THI value, there was a decrease in
milk yield of 0.028 kg; in milk fat of 0.047, in milk protein of 0.00014,
and in milk SNF of 0.0048% per buffalo per day. The regressions of milk
yield on THI and milk fat percentage on THI were significant with an R2
of 0.172 and R2 of 0.292, respectively. However, the regression of milk
protein percentage on THI and milk SNF percentage on THI were not
significant with an R2 of 0.00011 and 0.037, respectively. There is
negative relationship between THI and density and freezing point of milk
as shown in Table (4). There is fluctuating increases in total sold during
the THI under study. Ash and water show the same trend by the effect of
THI approximately.
Table (4): Average of weekly milk analysis at different THI.
Milk yield and analysis
THI
No stress Mild stress Sever heat stress
Milk yield kg/w 36.49 ±0.85a 30.89 ± 0.8b 23.15± 1.19c
Total solids T.S % 16.98 ± 0.16a 14.42 ± 0.17b 16.69 ± 0.28a
Sold not fat % 10.91 ± 0.1a 8.23 ± 0.11c 9.35 ± 0.18b
Fat % 6.07 ± 0.12b 6.19 ± 0.125b 7.34 ± 0.21a
Protein % 4.21 ± 0.9b 3.94 ± 0.1b 5.03 ± 0.17a
Lactose % 5.89 ±0.17a 3.61 ± 0.18b 3.49 ± 0.31b
Ash % 0.76 ± 0.1b 0.82 ± 0.01a 0.83 ± 0.1a
Water % 83.02 ± 0.16b 85.58 ± 0.17a 83.32 ± 0.28b
Density (ml/gm) 55.56 ± 0.58a 52.85 ± 0.64b 44.96 ± 1.06c
Freezing point (ºc) 30.26 ± 0.66a 29.07 ± 0.72ab 27.15 ± 1.20b
A,b,c…. Means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly
different at P ≤ 0.05
109 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
Effect of different THI on hormones concentration (ng/ml):
The concentration of IGF-1 and prolactin in different THI
were shown in Table (5). The maximum average of IGF-1 was
recorded during the THI was in mild stress and Sever heat
stress. The present results suggested that heat stress was
negatively affected the expression of genes related to growth.
This result was agreeing with Del Vesco et al. (2014) who
reported that heat stress of 38°C for 24h negatively affected
the expression of genes related to growth, and that methionine
supplementation is necessary to appropriately maintain the
levels of IGF-I transcripts for animal metabolism. El-Khashab,
et al. (2017) found that during the post calving period the
concentration of IGF-1 fluctuated regardless season of year, it
decreased at 2days (80.36 ng/ml) post calving then increased
to reach the peak at 5days and then it decreased again at 7th
day. However, it was still higher than its concentration at 2nd
day post calving. This means that the concentration of IGF-1
was elevated during the post calving period. On the other hand,
there was no effect of THI on the concentration of PRL in
blood (Table 5).
Table (5):- Average of hormones concentration (ng/ml) at different
THI.
Hormones
THI
No stress Mild stress Sever heat stress
IGF-1 (ng/ml) 151.19 ± 4.09b 177.92 ± 5.9a 189.82 ± 7.09a
PRL(ng/ml) 198.74 ± 2.09 185.14 ± 3.07 184.74 ± 3.63
A,b,c…. Means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly
different at P ≤ 0.05
Effect of different THI on blood plasma metabolites concentration:
The concentrations of blood plasma metabolites were shown in
Table (6). These results shown that there were decreasing in Cholesterol
during the THI was in no stress combating to the other season and there
were fluctuations in concentrations of total protein and albumin (Alb)
during the different THI. The drop in TP suggests effect of hem dilution
along with drop in buildup of plasma proteins. The increase in Glb
against drop in Alb indicates control in colloid osmotic pressure to
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 110
maintain proper blood circulation. This result was agreed with Omran et
al. (2011) who reported that the levels of TP and Alb were significantly
decreased by heat stress. Several workers found that the total protein in
buffaloes exposed to direct solar radiation in Egypt was decreased by
11.9% and serum protein concentration usually was decrease under heat
stress by about 10% (Ashour et al., 2000). Glucose concentration was
significantly reduced due to heat stress Shaffer et al. (1981) identified a
highly significant effect of seasonal temperature on blood glucose levels.
These reductions indicated hamper of metabolic activities subsequently
less product of metabolic heat.
Table (6): Average of blood plasma metabolites at different THI.
Metabolites
THI
No stress Mild stress
Sever heat
stress
Cholesterol (mg/dl) 55.42 ± 1.77b 66.74 ± 2.57a 64.14 ± 2.45a
Triglycerides (mg/dl) 35.95 ± 2.27 34.38 ± 3.31 41.14 ± 3.14
Total protein TP (g/dl) 5.74 ± 0.1a 5.28 ± 0.14b 5.59 ± 0.14ab
Albumin (g/dl) 3.41 ± 0.5a 2.99 ± 0.08b 3.24 ± 0.07a
Globulin (mg/dl) 2.38 ± 0.07 2.29 ± 0.09 2.35 ± 0.09
Alb /Glo ratio 1.47 ± 0.04 1.34 ± 0.05 1.4 ± 0.05
Glucose (mg/dl) 58.25 ± 1.08a 55.05± 1.57b 50.05 ± 1.49c
A,b,c…. Means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly
different at P ≤ 0.05
Effect of different THI on Blood hematological parameters
concentrations:
Table (7) shows the different THI and blood hematological
parameter concentrations. There was increase in blood hemoglobin and
RBCs during the THI in no stress combating to the other one. Several
investigators reported that Hb was decreased in heat stressed animals
(Ashour et al., 2004). This reduction was attributed to the destruction of
erythrocytes and / or to hem dilution (Shaffer et. al., 1981). They
postulated that animals reduced the Hb content in their blood to check the
metabolic rate, thus, reducing production of metabolic heat. This result
was agreeing with Omran et al. (2011) who reported that the monocytes,
neutrophils and Neu/Lym significantly increased, while, the other types
significantly showed clear drop in their percentages. The ratio
neutrophils/ lymphocytes (Neu / Lym) were increased by heat stress.
Values of neutrophils and lymphocytes are in agreement with those of
Ashour et al. (2004) under heat stress at 40 °C in lab. The blood picture
111 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
for buffalo-calves showed clear drop in Ht, Hb conc. and RBCs count.
However, the drop in Hb and RBCs was more than the decrease in Ht
which indicated other mechanism imposing drop in Hb and RBCs to
reduce oxidation activity of metabolism, thus, subsequent drop in
metabolic heat production. On the contrary, the WBCs count was
increased as indication of immunological activity. This immunological
reaction was fortified by increase in Neu% against decreases in Lym %
leading to increase in the ratio Neu/ Lym.
Table (7): Average of blood hematological parameters at different
THI.
Hematological parameters
THI
No stress Mild stress
Sever heat
stress
Blood hemoglobin (g/dl) 10.74 ± 0.26a 9.46 ± 0.3b 9.55 ± 0.41b
RBCs (106 /ml) 4.88 ± 0.11a 4.11 ± 0.14b 4.45 ± 0.19ab
P.L (ml) 181.63 ± 4.29a 192.52 ± 5.43a 144.77 ± 7.53b
WBCs (106 /ml) 7.72 ± 0.27b 7.1 ± 0.34b 9.14 ± 0.48a
Neutrophili % 42.54 ± 1.52b 53.36 ± 1.92a 42 ± 2.66b
Lymphocytes% 51.90 ± 1.56a 39.68 ± 1.97b 50.76 ± 2.73a
Monocytes % 4.93 ± 0.54 3.44 ± 0.69 3.46 ± 0.95
Eosinophili % 2.66 ± 0.17b 3.36 ± 0.21a 3.39 ± 0.29a
A,b,c…. Means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly
different at P ≤ 0.05
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التأثیر المحتمل لمؤشر درجة الح ا ررة والرطوبة عمى إنتاج الحمیب والأداء
الفسیولوجی لمجاموس المصری الحلاب
منى الخشاب 1 ، جمال عاشور 2 ، احمد رحیم 1
-1 قسم الانتاج الحیوانى کمیة الز ا رعة- جامعة الفیوم
-2 قسم الانتاج الحیوانى کمیة الز ا رعة - جامعة القاهرة
تم استخدام عدد عشرة ر ؤوس من الجاموس المصرى وتم تسکینها فى مساکن مفتوحة
مظممة تحت نفس ظروف الاسکان والرعایة. تم اخذ عینة لبن ) 33 مممى( من کل حیوان
اسبوعیأ عمى مدار فترة اج ا رء التجربة عند الساعة 6 صباحأ و 6 مسائن وخمطهما. تم اخذ
عینات الدم ) 13 مممى( من کل حیوان شهریا عمى مدار فترة اج ا رء التجربة.تم قیاس کلا من
درجة الح ا ررة ونسبة الرطوبة الجویة مرتین یومیأ )الساعة 7 صباحأ و 2 ظه أ ر(. سجمت اعمى
3.34 . بینما کانت اعمى نسبة درجة ح ا ررة اثناء التجربة فى فصل الصیف وکانت 39.93
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 114
± 3.49 وکانت اعمى درجة سجمت عمى مقیاس الح ا ررة والرطوبة 96.32 ± رطوبة 74.62
3.36 . تم تسجیل اعمى معدل ± 3.57 . بینما کان متوسطها طوال فترة التجربة 83.37
اسبوعى لانتاج المبن ونسبة الجوامد اللا دهنیة فى المبن خلال فترة عدم وجود عبئ ح ا ررى عمى
الحیوان بینما سجل اعمى نسبة من الدهن والبروتین فى المبن عند وجود عبئ ح ا ررى عمى
الحیوانات. سجل اعمى متوسط لهرمون الانسولین المشابه لهرمون النمو عند وجود عبئ ح ا ررى
عمى الحیوانات. حدث انخفاض فى نسبة الکولستیرول فى الدم عند عدم وجود عبئ ح ا ررى عمى
الحیوانات بینما سجل اعمى معدل لمبروتبنات الکمیة والالبیومین ونسبة الالبیومین الى
الجموبیولین ونسبة الجموکوز فى الدم عند عدم وجود عبئ ح ا ررى عمى الحیوانات بعکس باقى
ماش ا رت مقیاس الح ا ررة والرطوبة. سجل ارتفاع فى نسبة الهیموجموبین فى الدم وعدد ک ا رت الدم
الحم ا رء عند عدم وجود عبئ ح ا ررى عمى الحیوانات بعکس باقى ماش ا رت مقیاس الح ا ررة
والرطوبة.
الکممات الدالة:- الجاموس المصرى, مقیاس الح ا ررة والرطوبة, الهرمونات . انتاج المبن.
مکونات المبن
115 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
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