1
EFFECT OF TURMERIC AND GINGER ON RATS
WITH INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE
Naeem M. Rabeh ; Hany G. El-Masry and Eman K. Mostafa
Nutrition and Food Science Dept., Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University
Key Words: ginger, turmeric, acute kidney failure, liver functions, lipid
profile, rats.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of curcumin,
ginger and their combination on serum kidney functions of rats with
acute kidney failure. Rats were given intramuscular injections by
glycerol to induce acute kidney failure. After the period of adaptation,
rats were divided into two main groups. The first main group (n=6) was
fed on the basal diet during the experimental period as a negative control
group (-Ve). The second main group (n=24) was injected with one dose
of 50% glycerol (10 ml/kg B.Wt.) in their hind limbs to induce acute
renal failure. These rats were divided into 4 subgroups, as follows:
Subgroup (1): Rats with acute kidney disease (AKD rats) were fed on
basal diet as positive control group (+Ve). Subgroups (2 and 3): AKD
Rats were fed on basal diet supplemented with 2.5% dried Turmeric and
2.5% dried Ginger, respectively. Subgroup (4): AKD Rats were fed on
basal diet supplemented with 2.5% mixture of ginger and turmeric at
ratio (1:1).
The results displayed that, supplementation with dried ginger or
turmeric at 2.5% significantly improved (P<0.05) kidney functions as
well as serum glucose, liver functions and lipid profile as compared to
positive control group. Moreover, the lowered body weight of rats with
acute kidney failure was increased due to supplementation with the tested
materials. The mixture of ginger and turmeric gave the highest
improvement of kidney functions and other tested parameters. It could be
concluded that, ginger and/or turmeric and their mixture are suitable for
alleviating the complications of acute kidney failure.
INTRODUCTION
Kidneys are two bean-shaped organs found on the left and right
sides of the body in vertebrates. They filter the blood in order to make
urine, to release and retain water and to remove waste and nitrogen (the
excretory system). They also control the ion concentrations and acid-base
balance of the blood, metabolism of lipid, secretion and degradation of
hormones and the production and utilization of systemic glucose. Each
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 69-84
2
kidney feeds urine into the bladder by means of a tube known as the
ureter. In humans, they are roughly 11 centimeters (4.3 inches) in length
(Cotran et al., 2005).
Acute renal failure (ARF) is defined as the rapid decline in kidney
function as manifested by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
It is a more frequent problem observed in all hospital admission. The
incidence of ARF increases with age; ARF is responsible for
approximately 2million deaths annually worldwide (Murugan and
Kellum, 2011). ARF can cause end-stage renal disease (ESRD) directly,
and increase the risk of developing incident chronic kidney disease
(CKD) and worsening of underlying CKD (Chawla and Kimmel, 2012).
Zingiber officinalis commonly known as Ginger, belongs to the
Zingiberaceae family, is one of most widely used species and it is found
in several foods and beverages. It has a long history of medicinal use
dating back to 2500 years. The cultivation of ginger is known to originate
in China which then spread to India, South East Asia, West Africa and
the Caribbean (Gupta and Sharma, 2014).
Ginger has been recognized to have potent antioxidant properties
being an effective forager of superoxide radicals, which has been
regarded as a promising protective mechanism against stress. Ginger is
reported to be a diaphoretic, antispasmodic, peripheral circulatory
stimulant, astringent, appetite stimulant, anti- inflammatory agent in
addition to being useful in treating cold, headaches, arthritis,
rheumatological conditions, and muscular discomfort. Studies have
shown that ginger possesses antimicrobial, anti- inflammatory,
antipyretic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, diuretic and
hypocholesterolemic effects (Seddik, 2015).
Curcuma longa, commonly known as Turmeric or Curcumin is
one of the most common spices used in our daily cooking. It belongs to
the family Zingiberaceae. It is a rhizome. This spice is native to India.
Historically, turmeric has been used as a flavouring and medicinal agent.
Turmeric gives the characteristic yellow colour to our food.
Traditionally, turmeric has been used to heal a variety of disorders
(Sarandeep et al., 2015). Turmeric is comprised of a group of three
curcuminoids: curcumin (diferuloylmethane), demethoxycurcumin, and
bisdemethoxycurcumin, as well as volatile oil (tumerone, atlantone, and
zingiberone (Rajagopalan and Suvarna, 2015). Recent studies have
authenticated turmeric as anticancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant,
hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-fertility, anti-
70 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
3
venom, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and anticoagulant (Nasri et
al., 2014). Seddik, (2015) studied the effect of Turmeric and Ginger on
oxidative modulation in end stage renal disease patients. The study
showed that regular ingestion of Turmeric and Ginger enhance the
antioxidant activities in chronic renal failure patients.
Aim of the study: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of
curcumin, ginger and their combination on serum kidney functions of rats
with acute kidney failure.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1- Materials:-
Turmeric and Ginger powder were purchased from Local Market,
Cairo, Egypt. Glycerol 50% was obtained from El-Gomhoria Company,
Cairo, Egypt.
The contents of the basal diet; casein, all vitamins, minerals, cellulose,
choline and starch were obtained from El-Gomhoria Company, Cairo,
Egypt.
Kits for biochemical analysis:- Kits required for estimating parameters
used in the study were purchased from the Gamma Trade Company for
Pharmaceutical and Chemicals, Dokki, Egypt.
Animals:- Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30 which weighing
(120g) were purchased from Farm of experimental animals in Helwan,
Egypt.
2-Methods:-
A-Induction of Acute Renal failure: Rats were given intramuscular
injections of 50% glycerol (10 ml/kg B.Wt.) in their hind limbs (Midhun
et al., 2012).
B-Experimental Design: Animals were housed in well conditions in
Biological Studies Lab of Faculty of Home Economics. They were kept
in standard cages at room temperature (25 ± 3 °C) with a 12 h dark/light
cycle. They were left for seven days as adaptation period and they
allowed to feed standard laboratory food and water.
C-Preparation of basal diet:
The basal was prepared of protein 14 % ( casein <85%) , corn
oil 4% , vitamin mixture 1% , salt mixture 3.5%, cellulose 5% , sucrose
1% and reminder was corn starch. These constituents were thoroughly
mixed together and formulated according to Reeves et al., (1993).
The experiment and biochemical determination were conducted at
Graduate Research Labs, Nutrition and Food Science Dept., Faculty of
Home Economics, Helwan University. After the period of adaptation,
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 71
4
rats were divided into two main groups. The first main group (n=6) was
fed on the basal diet during the experimental period as a negative control
group (-Ve). The second main group (n=24) was injected with one dose
of glycerol to induce acute renal failure (Midhun et al., 2012). Random
blood samples were obtained to measure the kidney functions to insure
the induction of acute renal failure. These rats were divided into 4
subgroups, (6 rats each) as follows.
Subgroup (1): Rats with acute kidney disease (AKD rats) were fed on
basal diet as positive control group (+Ve). Subgroup (2 and 3): AKD
Rats were fed on basal diet supplemented with 2.5% dried Turmeric and
2.5% dried Ginger., respectively. Subgroup (4): AKD Rats were fed on
basal diet supplemented with 2.5% mixture of ginger and turmeric at
ratio (1:1)
Blood sampling: At the end of the experimental period (8 weeks), rats
were starved for 12 hr., then sacrificed under ether anesthesia. Blood
samples were collected from the aortic vein into clean dry centrifuge
tubes and stored at room temperature for 15 minutes, put into a
refrigerator for 2 hour, then centrifuged for 15 minutes at 3000 rpm to
separate serum. Serum was carefully aspirated and transferred into dry
clean Wasserman tubes by using a Pasteur pipette and kept frozen at (-
20c) until analysis.
Biological Evaluation: Biological evaluations were carried out by
determination of feed intake (FI) which was recorded every day
throughout the experimental period. Body weight gain% (BWG) and feed
efficiency ratio (FER) were determined according to Chapman et al.,
1959, using the following equations:
BWG% =
× 100
FER = Weight gain (g) / Feed intake (g)
Biochemical analysis: For each group analyses included the following:
Serum total cholesterol (TC) were determined according to Allen
(1974).Triglycerides (TG) was done according to Fassati and Prencipe
(1982).High density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-c) was determined
according to Lopez (1977), whereas low density lipoprotein–cholesterol
(LDL-c) and very low density lipoprotein were determined according to
Friedewable et al.,( 1972).
LDL-c = TC-[HDL-c + VLDL-c]; VLDL-c = TG/5
Determination of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) were determined according to Reitman and
72 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
5
Frankel, (1957). Serum alkaline phosphates (ALP) was carried out
according to Belfield and Goldberg (1971). Urea and uric acid were
determined according to Pattn and Crouch (1977), the determination of
Creatinine was according to Henry (1974), whereas glucose was
determined according to Trinder (1959).
D-Statistical Analysis
The results were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL,
USA). Collected data was presented as mean± standard deviation (SD).
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used for determining the
significances among different groups according to (Armitage and
Berry, 1987). All differences were considered at level of significant Pvalues
˂ 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results in Table (1) shows the effect of turmeric and ginger
on blood glucose in rats with induced acute kidney failure. Rats injected
with glycerol to induce acute kidney failure had significant increase
(P<0.05) compared to the control normal rats. The treatment with either
turmeric, ginger or their combinations significantly (P<0.05) decreased
the level of glucose compared to the positive control group. There is no
statistical change in serum glucose between the groups that fed on
turmeric or ginger. The highest reduction in glucose level was recorded
at the group that fed basal diet and supplemented with combination with
turmeric and ginger. Moreover, there is no significant changes between
the group that fed on combination of turmeric and ginger and the normal
rats.
It has been proven that ginger consumption can reduce fasting
serum glucose (Mozaffari-Khosravi et al., 2014). Ginger extract
(500mg/kg BW) has hypoglycemic effect on diabetic rats (Jafri et al.,
2011). Moreover, Bolanle et al., (2011) clearly show that dietary ginger
has hypoglycaemic effect, enhances insulin synthesis in male rats and has
high antioxidant activity. One of the likely mechanisms is the action of
malonydealdehyde, which acts as a scavenger of oxygen radicals.
On the other hand, Jeevangi et al., (2013) revealed that turmeric
extract (300mg/kg/day ) possesses anti-diabetic activity can used to treat
diabetes patients. Also, (Padhye and Jogdand, 2019) indicated ethanolic
extract of turmeric showed antihyperglycemic effect in diabetic rats due
to lowering blood glucose levels and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C)
and improve sensitivity to insulin (Zhang et al., 2013) . Oral
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 73
6
administration of Curcumin in an experimental model of streptozotocin
(STZ)-induced diabetes, oral administration of curcumin at a dose of 100
mg/kg/day for 8 weeks, significantly reduced blood glucose levels and
improved renal function (Ghorbani et al., 2014) as well as the present
results.
Table (1): Effect of turmeric and ginger on blood glucose in rats with
induced acute kidney failure
Parameters Glucose (mg/dl)
Groups
98.0±5.11 d Control –ve
139±2.78 a Control + ve
119±1.47 b Turmeric
113±3.35 bc Ginger
103±4.60 cd Combinations
Values are expressed as means ± SD.
Values which don't share the same letter in each column are significantly different
at P < 0.05.
The effect of turmeric and ginger on kidney functions in rats with
induced acute kidney failure are illustrated in table (2). Serum urea and
creatinine are significantly increased due to glycerol injection (control
positive group) compared to the control negative group. The
supplementation with turmeric or ginger or their combination
significantly decreased (P<0.05) serum urea and creatinine as compared
to positive control group.
There are no changes in serum urea and creatinine between the
groups that fed either turmeric or ginger, as well as between the group
fed on ginger or combination (ginger and turmeric). The highest
improvement of kidney functions is observed at the group that fed on
mixture of turmeric and ginger. Regarding to uric acid, there is no
significant changes among all the treated groups and with both control
groups.
Table (2): Effect of turmeric and ginger on kidney functions in rats
with induced acute kidney failure
Parameters Urea Creatinine Uric acid
Groups mg/dl
1.16±0.09 a 0.409±0.02 c 42.95±1.08 d Control –ve
1.48±0.21 a 0.899±0.05 a 68.75±2.28 a Control + ve
1.37±0.11 a 0.601±0.07 b 58.17±2.25 b Turmeric
1.30±0.07 a 0.682±0.02 b 56.55±2.61 bc Ginger
1.23±0.09 a 0.446±0.04 c 49.07±3.67 cd Combinations
Values are expressed as means ± SD.
Values which don't share the same letter in each column are significantly different
at P < 0.05.
74 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
7
Ginger might have a beneficial effect for removal of urea from
plasma and it should be considered as a therapeutic herb to manage renal
function in patients with uremia (Masuda et al., 2004). It may be
possible that 6- gingerol, one of the active constituents of ginger, due to
its potential antioxidant properties, improves renal functions by
attenuating oxidative stress-mediated decline in glomerular filtration rate
(GFR) and renal hemodynamics (Shukla and Singh, 2007). Mehrdad
et al., (2007) stated that ginger has a beneficial effect for removal of urea
and creatinine from plasma of normal mice treated with its alcoholic
extract and considered as a therapeutic herb to manage renal function. In
agreement to the present results, (Rouhi et al., 2006) showed that Ginger
renoprotective effects in both models of renal failure. These protective
effects may be attributed at least in part to their anti-inflammatory
properties as evident by attenuating serum C-reactive protein levels and
antioxidant effects as evident by attenuating lipid peroxidation marker,
malondialdehyde levels, and increasing renal superoxide dismutase
activity (Ramudu et al., 2011).
In the fresh ginger rhizome, the gingerol (polyphenol) was
identified as the major active component. The volatile oil consists of
mainly mono sesquiterpenes; camphene, beta-phellandrene and curcumin
(Policegoudra et al., 2011). Nasri et al., (2014) demonstrated that, high
levels of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds with high antioxidant
activity for ginger. The presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in the Z.
officinale extract might be responsible for the antioxidant and
nephroprotective activities. It was demonstrated that supplement with
ginger extract at 50 mg/kg attenuates chronic fructose consumptioninduced
kidney injury in rats by suppressing renal overexpression of
proinflammatory cytokines. These findings provide evidence supporting
the benefit of ginger supplement for the metabolic syndrome-associated
kidney injury (Ming et al., 2014).
Sharma et al., (2006) have been found that curcumin
administration (15 and 30 mg/kg/day for two weeks) protects against
streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy and oxidative stress.
Furthermore, the oral curcumin administration (100 mg/kg/day for 8
weeks) prevents progression of renal disease (Soetikno et al., 2011).
Trujillo et al., (2013) identifies curcumin as a promising renoprotective
molecule against renal injury. Curcumin has potential anti-inflammatory
effects in vivo and beneficial effects on CKD (Ghosh et al., 2014)
Furthermore, the administration of curcumin (100 mg/kg) attenuates
oxidative stress and prevents glomerular hyperfiltration in rats with Renal
Toxicity (Damiano et al., 2020).
Table (3) shows the effect of turmeric and ginger on serum total
protein and albumin in rats with induced acute kidney failure. The results
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 75
8
indicated that injection with glycerol induced a significant increase in
serum total protein and significant decrease in serum albumin compared
to control negative group. Rats treated with either turmeric or ginger or
both their mixture had significant increase (P<0.05) in serum total
protein as compared to control positive group. No statistical changes in
serum total protein between the group fed on turmeric and the group fed
on ginger, also no significant changes are seen between the group fed on
ginger and the group fed on their mixture. The highest improvement in
serum total protein is recorded at the group fed on a mixture of turmeric
and ginger. The mean value of total protein of the mixture group is near
to the mean value of control negative group. No changes in serum
albumin among the groups fed ginger, or their mixture and control
negative group. On the other hand, the groups fed either ginger or
mixture of (turmeric and ginger) had the highest value of serum albumin
as compared to turmeric group.
Zhao et al., (2014) found that low levels of albumin and total protein
induced by CCl4 increased remarkably after treatment with high and low
doses of curcumin, these results are in agreement with our findings.
Table (3): Effect of turmeric and ginger on serum total protein and
albumin in rats with induced acute kidney failure
Parameters Total protein Albumin
Groups (g/dl)
3.92±0.11 a 6.90±0.07 a Control –ve
2.97±0.20 b 4.77±0.20 d Control + ve
3.27±0.15 ab 5.67±0.24 c Turmeric
3.72±0.29 a 6.00±0.27 bc Ginger
3.85±0.21 a 6.57±0.23 ab Combinations
Values are expressed as means ± SD.
Values which don't share the same letter in each column are significantly different
at P < 0.05.
Liver functions of rats with induced acute kidney failure and
treated with turmeric and ginger are indicated in table (4). the results
show that liver functions (AST, ALT and ALP) are significantly
increased at the positive control group as compared to negative control
group. The supplementation with the tested materials significantly
decreased (P<0.05) the level of liver functions compared to negative
control group. There are no significant differences in serum liver
functions between the group fed on turmeric or ginger. The highest
improvement in liver functions are observed at the group fed a mixture of
turmeric and ginger as there is no changes in the value of liver functions
of the mixture group and the control negative group.
The oral administration (80 mg/kg/day for 45 days) of
tetrahydrocurcumin (THU), another curcumin derivative, attenuated the
76 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
9
renal and hepatic dysfunction found in rats with diabetes induced by
streptozotocin and nicotinamide (Murugan and Pari, 2007). Curcumin
treatment (200 mg kgG1) for CCl4 injected rats resulted in reduction of
liver enzymes activity (ALT and AST) and an improvement of albumin
and total protein levels. Present study results in agree with Yao et al.,
(2012) demonstrated that curcumin significantly protect rats liver from
injury by reducing activities of ALT and AST.
Findings of the present study are in agree with Abdel-Azeem et
al., (2013) who reported that ginger (100 mg kgG1) was effective in
reducing liver enzymes activities of rat hepatotoxicity induced by
acetoaminophen. Moreover, El-Kott et al., (2015), found that treatment
of CCl4 injected rats with ginger improve kidney function by decreasing
creatinine and urea levels
After treatment with curcumin and ginger both of the activity of
liver enzymes and level of MDA decreased significantly, but the activity
of antioxidant enzymes increased (Abd-Allah et al., 2016).
Table (4): Effect of turmeric and ginger on serum liver functions in
rats with induced acute kidney failure
Parameters AST ALT ALP
Groups (μ/L)
176±3.32 c 45.25±2.28 c 76.25±2.59 c Control –ve
210±3.93 a 68.00±2.54 a 112.20±3.30 a Control + ve
191±2.80 b 58.20±3.06 b 91.75±2.78 b Turmeric
196±3.58 b 55.71±1.88 b 88.54±3.09 b Ginger
179±2.56 c 49.45±3.90 bc 80.23±1.49 c Combinations
Values are expressed as means ± SD.
Values which don't share the same letter in each column are significantly different
at P < 0.05.
The lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL-C, VLDL-C, LDL-C) of the
acute kidney failure that treated with curcumin or ginger is displayed at
table (5). Rats with acute kidney failure had significant increase (P<0.05)
in lipid profile as compared to the normal rats. The mean value of TG
and VLDL-C is significantly lowered at the groups fed on either ginger
or the mixture of (turmeric and ginger) as compared to the positive
control group, while there is no significant changes in serum TG and
VLDL-C between turmeric group and the positive control group.
Regarding to serum TC and LDL-C, the supplementation with the
tested materials significantly lowered the value of TC and LDL-C
compared to +ve control group. There are no changes in serum TC and
LDL-C among the treated groups, moreover, turmeric group and mixture
group had no changes in serum TC compared to -ve control group. The
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 77
11
highest improvement in lipid profile are recorded at the group fed on
basal diet and supplemented with mixture of ginger and turmeric.
Table (5): Effect of turmeric and ginger on serum lipid profile in rats
with induced acute kidney failure
Parameters TG TC HDL-C VLDL-C LDL-C
Groups (mg/dl)
15.33±1.64 c 19.07±0.81 b 46.09±2.43 a 80.50±1.44 c 95.35±4.07 b Control –ve
55.79±4.18 a 24.00±0.74 a 29.95±2.61 c 109.75±4.26 a 120.00±3.74 a Control + ve
35.70±1.70 b 21.90±0.75 a 31.14±1.84 bc 88.75±1.31 bc 109.50±3.79 a Turmeric
34.98±7.52 b 19.65±0.58 b 38.86±3.79 ab 93.50±4.55 b 98.25±2.92 b Ginger
27.87±4.48 bc 18.10±0.77 b 41.77±2.51 a 87.75±3.42 bc 90.50±3.86 b Combinations
Values are expressed as means ± SD.
Values which don't share the same letter in each column are significantly different
at P < 0.05
There is substantial evidence that excess renal lipids can cause
injury in animal models of metabolic disease (obesity, metabolic
syndrome and diabetes mellitus), chronic kidney disease, acute renal
injury of several etiologies, as well as aging. Lipotoxic cellular
dysfunction and injury occur through several mechanisms such as release
of proinflammatory and profibrotic factors (Bobulescu, 2010).
It was reported that, curcumin may prevent the absorption of
cholesterol and lipids by disrupting micelle formation and promote fecal
excretion of total steroids and bile acids (Srinivasan and Sambaiah,
1991). When excretion of bile acids increases, conversion of cholesterol
to bile acids in the liver will be enhanced in order to replenish the loss in
bile acids. Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids is the major pathway of
cholesterol elimination and accounts for about 50% of daily cholesterol
excretion (Kuwabara et al., 2007). Curcumin was reported to decrease
the serum cholesterol via enhanced CYP7A1 enzyme activity, which
controls cholesterol homeostasis (Babu and Srinivasan, 1997).
Al-Rekabi et al., (2019) showed a significant decrease in TC,
TG, LDL-c, VLDL-c, whereas it explained a significant increase in
(HDL) of rats treated with turmeric & ginger for 30 days at dose 200
mg/kg when compared with male rats exposed to oxidative stress.
Turmeric in hypolipidemic activities could be mediated through
cholesterol catabolism by the stimulation of hepatic cholesterol-
7αhydroxylase activity, and this step converts cholesterol to bile acid,
which is important pathway in the degradation of cholesterol
(Wongeakin et al., 2009).
The reduction in hypolipidemic activities of ginger may be
78 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
11
explained by Han et al., (2005) who found that increased the faecal
excretion of cholesterol, suggesting that Ginger may block absorption of
cholesterol in the gut. Moreover, Nammi et al., (2009) mentioned that
the hypocholesterolemic effect of ginger may be attributed to inhibition
of cellular cholesterol synthesis, results in augmenting the LDL receptor
activity, leading to the elimination of LDL from plasma thus modifying
lipoprotein metabolism. ElRokh et al., (2010) revealed that the
hypercholesterolaemic rats treated with aqueous ginger infusion (100,
200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively) orally in the three doses used after 2
and 4 weeks of treatment induce significant decrease in all lipid profile
parameters
REFERENCES
Abd-Allah, G.; K. El-Bakry ; M. Bahnasawy and E. El-Khodary
(2016): Protective Effects of Curcumin and Ginger on Liver
Cirrhosis Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats. International
Journal of Pharmacology., 12 (4): 361-369, 201
Abdel-Azeem, A.S.; A.M. Hegazy ; K.S. Ibrahim ; E.M. Farrag
and A.R. El-Sayed (2013): Hepatoprotective, antioxidant and
ameliorative effects of ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and
vitamin E in acetaminophen treated rats. J. Dietary Suppl., 10:
195-209
Allen, C.C. (1974) : Cholesterol enzymatic colorimetric method .J. of
Clin. Chem., 20(4):470-475.
Al-Rekabi, E.; D. Alomer; R. Al-Muswie and K. Al-Fartosi (2019):
Effect of Turmeric & Ginger on Lipid Profile in Male Rats
Exposed to Oxidative Stress. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance; 10(1): 142-144.
Armitage, G.Y. and W.G. Berry (1987): Statistical methods 7th Ed.
Ames., Iowa State University. Press. 39-63.
Babu, P. and K. Srinivasan (1997): Hypolipidemic action of curcumin,
the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in
streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Mol Cell
Biochem;166:169-75.
Belfield, A. and D.M. Goldberg (1971): Alkaline phosphatase
colorimetric method . J. of Enzyme, 12:561.
Bobulescu, IA. (2010): Renal lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity. Curr
Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 19:393–402.
Bolanle, I.; A. Arikawe and R. Sogbade (2011): Anti-diabetic and
anti-oxidant effects of Zingiber Officinale on alloxan-induced
and insulin-resistant diabetic male rats. Nigerian journal of
physiological sciences, 26(1):89-96
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 79
12
Chapman, D. G. ; R. Gastilla and J. A. Campbell (1959): Evaluation
of protein in foods: 1- A Method for the determination of protein
efficiency ratio. Can. J. Biochem. Phys; 37:679- 86.
Chawla, L. and P. Kimmel (2012): Acute kidney injury and chronic
kidney disease: an integrated clinical syndrome. Kidney
International, 82: 516–524.
Cotran, R. ; S. Kumar ; F. Vinay ; R. Nelson ; L. Stanley and K.
Abul (2005): Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease.
Damiano, S.; E. Andretta ; C. Longobardi and F. Prisco (2020):
Effects of Curcumin on the Renal Toxicity Induced by
Ochratoxin A in Rats. Antioxidants., 9(4):332
El-Kott, A.F.; K.A. Al-Bakry and W.A. Eltantawy (2015): Preventive
and curative effects of Zingiber officinale extract against
histopathological and Ki-67 immunohistochemical changes of
glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rat. J. Med. Sci., 15:
25-31.
ElRokh, E.; N.Yassin ; S. Elshenawy and B. Ibrahim (2010):
Antihypercholesterolaemic effect of ginger rhizome (Zingiber
officinale) in rats. Inflammopharmacology., 18(6):309-15
Fassati, P. and L. Prencipe (1982): "Triglyceride enzymatic
colorimetric method ".J. of Clin. Chem., 28(10):2077-2080.
Friedewable, W. ; J. Levy and D. Fredrickson (1972): "Estimation of
the concentration of low density lipoprptein cholesterol in
plasma". Clin. Chem., 18 (6):499-502.
Ghorbani, Z. ; A. Hekmatdoost and P. Mirmiran (2014):
Antihyperglycemic and insulin sensitizer effects of turmeric and
its principle constituent curcumin. Int J Endocrinol Metabol.
Oct; 12(4): e18081.
Ghosh, S.; T. Gehr and S. Ghosh (2014): Curcumin and Chronic
Kidney Disease (CKD): Major Mode of Action through
Stimulating Endogenous Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase
Gupta, S. and A. Sharma (2014): Medicinal properties of Zingiber
officinale Roscoe - A Review. IOSR-JPBS, 9(5): 124-129.
Han, L.; X.Gong; S. Kawano; M.Saito; Y.Kimura and H. Okuda
(2005). Antiobesity actions of Zingiber officinale roscoe.
Yakugaku. Zasshi., 125: 213-220.
Henry, R.J. (1974) : Clinical Chemistry Principles and Techniques . 2nd
Ed. Harper and Publisher. New York.
Kuwabara, T.; K.H. Han ; N. Hashimoto ; H. Yamauchi ; K.
Shimada ; M. Sekikawa and M. Fukushima (2007): Tartary
buckwheat sprout powder lowers plasma cholesterol level in
rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo);53:501-507.
80 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
13
Jafri, S.; S. Abass and M. Qasim (2011): Hypoglycemic Effect of
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats
(Rattus norvagicus). Pak Vet J, 31(2): 160-162.
Jeevangi, S.; D. Mariguddi and P. Kalashetty (2013): anti-diabetic
effects of turmeric in alloxan induce d diabetic rats. Journal of
Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences., 2(11):1669-1679
Lopez, M.F. (1977) :" HDL-cholesterol colorimetric method" .J. of Clin.
Chem., 230: 282-288.
Masuda, Y.; H. Kikuzaki; M. Hisamoto and N. Nakatani (2004):
Antioxidant properties of gingerol related compounds from
ginger. Biofactors.;21:293–296.
Mehrdad, M.; M. Manoochehr and G. Mozhgan (2007): The effect of
ginger extract on blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in mice.
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences., 10(17):2968-2971.
Midhun, K. ; S. Brooke and S. Rick (2012):Recovery from Glycerol-
Induced Acute Kidney Injury Is Accelerated by SuraminJournal
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.,341(1):126-36
Ming, Y.; L. Changjin; J. Jian and Z. Guowei (2014): Ginger extract
diminishes chronic fructose consumption-induced kidney injury
through suppression of renal overexpression of proinflammatory
cytokines in rats. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Mozaffari-Khosravi, H.; B.Talaei; B. Jalali; A. Najarzadeh and M.
Mozayan (2014):The effect of ginger powder supplementation
on insulin resistance and glycemic indices in patients with type
2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.,
22(1):9-16
Murugan, P. and L. Pari (2007): Influence of tetrahydrocurcumin on
hepatic and renal functional markers and protein levels in
experimental type 2 diabetic rats. Basic & Clinical
Pharmacology & Toxicology.;101:241–245 .
Murugan, R. and J. Kellum (2011): Acute kidney injury: what’s the
prognosis? Nat Rev Nephrol. 7: 209–217.
Nammi, S.; S. Sreemantula and B.D. Roufogalis (2009): Protective
effects of ethanolic extract of Zingiberofficinale rhizome on the
development of metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-fed rat.
Basic and Clin. Pharmacol. and Toxicol., 104 :366–373.
Nasri, H. ; N. Sahinfard ; M. Rafieian ; S. Rafieian ; M. Shirzad and
M. Kopaei (2014): Turmeric: A spice with multifunctional
medicinal properties. J HerbMed Pharmacol., 3(1): 5-8.
Padhye, M. and S. Jogdand (2019): Effect of turmeric on alloxan
induced diabetes mellitus in albino rats. International Journal of
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology., 8(2):264-269.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 81
14
Pattn ,C.J. and S.R. Crouch (1977):Enzymatic determination of urea".
J.Anal.Chem.,49: 464-469.
Policegoudra, R.S.; S.M. Aradhya and L. Singh (2011): Mango ginger
(Curcuma amada Roxb.), a promising spice for phytochemicals
and biological activities. J. Biosci.;36:739–748.
Shukla, Y. and M. Singh (2007): Cancer preventive properties of
ginger: a brief review. Food Chem Toxicol.;45:683–690.
Ramudu, S.K. ; M. Korivi ; N. Kesireddy ; L.C. Lee ; I.S. Cheng ;
C.H. Kuo andS.R. Kesireddy (2011): Nephro-protective
effects of a ginger extract on cytosolic and mitochondrial
enzymes against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic
complications in rats. Chin J Physiol.;54:79–86.
Rajagopalan, R. and Y. Suvarna, (2015): Turmeric: The Spice King of
Health.World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research., 4(10): 579-
585.
Reeves, P. ; F. Nielsen and G. Fahmy (1993): AIN-93.Purified diets for
laboratory rodents: Final reports of the American Institute of
Nutrition adhoe wriling committee of reformulation of
the AIN- 76 A Rodent Diet. J. Nutr., 123:1939-51.
Reitman, S. and S. Frankel (1957) : "Colorimetric determination of
glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) activity" .Amer. J.
Clin. path., 28:56.
Rouhi, H.; F. Ganji and H. Nasri (2006): Effects of Ginger on the
improvement of asthma [the evaluation of Its treatmental
effects] Pakistan J Nutr.;5:373–6.
Sarandeep, S. ; S. Boyanapalli and Ah-Ng. Tony Kong (2015):
Curcumin, the King of Spices: Epigenetic Regulatory
Mechanisms in the Prevention of Cancer, Neurological, and
Inflammatory Diseases. Curr Pharmacol Rep., 1(2): 129–139.
Seddik, A. (2015): The Effect of Turmeric and Ginger on Oxidative
Modulation in end stage renal disease (ESRD) Patients.
International Journal of Advanced Research, 3(11): 657–670.
Sharma, S.; S.K. Kulkarni and C.K. Curcumin (2006): the active
principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa), ameliorates diabetic
nephropathy in rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology &
Physiology.; 33:940–945.
Soetikno, V. ; K. Watanabe ; F.R. Sari ; M. Harima ; R.A.
Thandavarayan ; P.T. Veeraveedu ; W. Arozal ; V.
Sukumaran ; A.P. Lakshmanan ; S. Arumugam and K.
Suzuki (2011): Curcumin attenuates diabetic nephropathy by
inhibiting PKC- α and PKC-β1 activity in streptozotocininduced
type I diabetic rats. Molecular Nutrition & Food
Research.;55:1655–1665.
82 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
15
Srinivasan, K. and K. Sambaiah (1991): The effect of spices on
cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity and on serum and
hepatic cholesterol levels in the rat. Int J Vitam Nutr Res;
61:364-9.
Trinder, P.(1959) :" Determination of blood glucose using 4-
aminophenazone" Journal of Clinical Pathology, 22(2):246.
Trujillo, J.; Y. Chirino ; E. Molina-Jijón; A. Ana Cristina Andérica-
Romero; E. Tapia and J. Pedraza-Chaverría (2013):
Renoprotective effect of the antioxidant curcumin: Recent
findings. Redox Biology; 1(1):448-456
Wongeakin, N. ; P. Sridulyakul ; A. Jariyapongskul ; A. Suksamrarn
and S. Patumraj (2009): Effects of curcumin and
tetrahydrocurcumin on diabetes induced endothelial
dysfunction. Afr. J. Biochem. Res., 3: 259-265
Yao, Q.Y.; B.L. Xu; J.Y.Wang; H.C.Liu; S.C. Zhang and C.T. Tu
(2012): Inhibition by curcumin of multiple sites of the
transforming growth factor-beta1 signalling pathway
ameliorates the progression of liver fibrosis induced by carbon
tetrachloride in rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 12.
10.1186/1472-6882-12-156.
Zhao, Y.; Ma X.; Wang J.; He X.; Hu Y. and et al., (2014): Curcumin
protects against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats by inhibiting
HIF-1" through an ERK-dependent pathway. Molecules, 19:
18767-18780
Zhang, D.W.; M.Fu ; S.H. Gao and J.L. Liu (2013): Curcumin and
diabetes: a systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary
Alternative Med.;2013.
تأثیر الکرکم والزنجبیل عمى الفئ ا رن المصابة بالفشل الکموی الحاد
نعیم محمد ا ربح ، هانی جابر المصری ، إیمان کمال مصطفى
قسم التغذیة وعموم الاطعمة- کمیة الاقتصاد المنزلی - جامعة حموان
أجریت ىذه الد ا رسة لمعرفة تأثیر الکرکم والزنجبیل وخمیطیما عمى وظائف الکمى فی دم
الفئ ا رن المصابة بالفشل الکموی الحاد ، تم تقسیم الفئ ا رن بعد فترة التکیف إلى مجموعتین
رئیسیتین. تم تغذیة المجموعة الرئیسیة الأولى )ن = 6( عمى النظام الغذائی الأساسی کمجموعة
ضابطة سالبة . المجموعة الرئیسیة الثانیة )ن = 24 ( تم حقنیا بجرعة واحدة من 50 ٪ جمسرین
10 مل / کجم وزن الجسم( لاحداث الفشل الکموی الحاد. تم تقسیم ىذه الفئ ا رن إلى 4 (
مجموعات فرعیة ، عمى النحو التالی: المجموعة الفرعیة ) 1(: تم تغذیة الفئ ا رن المصابة بمرض
الکمى الحاد عمى النظام الغذائی الاساسی کمجموعة ضابطة موجبة. المجموعات الفرعیة ) 2 و
٪ 3(: تم تغذیة الفئ ا رن عمى النظام الغذائی الأساسی المضاف إلیو 2.5 ٪ کرکم مجفف و 2.5
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 83
16
زنجبیل مجفف عمى التوالی. المجموعة الفرعیة ) 4(: تم تغذیة الفئ ا رن عمى نظام غذائی أساسی
. (1: المضاف إلیو 2.5 ٪ خمیط من الزنجبیل والکرکم بنسبة .( 1
أظیرت النتائج أن تناول مکملات الزنجبیل المجفف أو الکرکم بنسبة 2.5 ٪ أدی الى
وظائف الکمى بالإضافة إلى الجموکوز الدم ووظائف الکبد (P < تحسن بدرجة معنویو ( 0.05
والدىون مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة الموجبة. علاوة عمى ذلک ، تم زیادة وزن الجسم المنخفض
لمفئ ا رن المصابة بالفشل الکموی الحاد بسبب المکملات بالمواد المختبرة. أعطى خمیط الزنجبیل
والکرکم أعمى تحسن فی وظائف الکمى والاختبا ا رت الأخرى . یمکن القول بأن تناول الزنجبیل و
/ أو الکرکم وخمیطیما مناسبان لمتخفیف من مضاعفات الفشل الکموی الحاد.
84 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
View on SCiNiTO
