EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTERS ADDITION AND
WATER STRESS ON SOIL THERMAL PROPERTIES
UNDER RAS SUDR CONDITIONS.
Diia S.M. Boulos
Desert Research Center, Mattariya, Cairo, Egypt.
Key Words: Organic matters, Water stress, Soil temperature, Soil heat
content.
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of organic
matters addition and water stress on some soil thermal properties.
Experimental field, located in the Desert Research Center station in Ras
Sudr, South Sinai governorate. Three rates (5, 10 and 15 ton/fed) were
used of chicken manure and compost. Three levels of irrigation water
(40, 60 and 80% from available water) were applied using drip irrigation
system for planted Pearl millet (Pennisetum Glaucum L.). The soil
temperature was recorded and moisture content was determined for three
soil depths at 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm, during July, August and
September months. Heat content was calculated in Calories for each soil
depth. The results showed that, the addition of organic matters (chicken
manure and compost) caused to decrease in the soil temperature during
July and August, and they had an opposite reaction during September as
they caused to increase the soil temperature. Organic matters act as a
buffer to changes in soil temperature. Organic matters (chicken manure
and compost) affects the soil temperature and soil heat content. Since
organic matter absorb and retain moisture so the soil treated with it has
high amounts of moisture. Therefore, the use of organic matters is a
source of moisture, and as such, it is recommended that farmers should
know how to effectively manipulate organic matters to ensure that
moisture is maintained even during dry spells. This is important because
it helps farmers manage soil under the influence of climate change.
INTRODUCTION
Soil thermal properties is essential when assessing heat transport in
soils. Thermal regime of soils is associated with many other soil processes
(water evaporation and diffusion, plant transpiration, contaminants behavior
etc.). thermal properties play an important role to ensure optimal emergence
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 105-124
and crop growth Bradford, (1995). The measurement of thermal properties
is also necessary for determining mass and energy exchange processes
which take place in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Therefore,
investigating soil thermal properties helps evaluate optimum conditions for
plant growth and development, and is important for controlling soil thermal
moisture regime Usowicz, (1992). Soil temperature is one of the important
factors that influence soil properties processes involved in plant growth. It
governs the soil physical, chemical and biological processes Buchan,
(2001). It also influences the interspheric processes of gas exchange between
the atmosphere and the soil Lehnert, (2013). The amount of radiation
received by the soil affects soil temperature, biological processes such as;
seed germination, seedling emergence, plant root growth and the availability
of nutrients Probert, (2000). The temperature of the soil alters the rate of
organic matter decomposition and the mineralization of different organic
materials in the soil Davidson and Janssens, (2006). Soil temperature also
affects soil water retention, transmission and availability to plants. The
manner in which heat flows through the soil is of considerable importance in
plant cultural practices in general. Specifically, it affects plant-root activity
with respect to the uptake of nutrients, water, etc., and in engineering uses of
the soil. Heat conduction in soils is governed by thermal properties. Thermal
properties of soil influence the partition of energy at the ground surface, and
are related to the soil temperature and the transfer of heat and water across
the ground surface Nwadibia et al., (2010). The knowledge of thermal
properties of soil is essential to study the surface energy and radiation
budgets, to quantify surface temperature and heat storage required in
agriculture, for germination rate, etc. The thermal properties are strongly
dependent on the variation with the water content of the soil. Soil water
improves the thermal contact between the soil particles, and replaces air,
which has 20 times lower thermal conductivity than water Hanks and
Ashcroft, (1986). The heat capacity per unit volume of soil is the quantity of
heat needed to raise the temperature of a unit volume of soil by one degree
Kelvin. Thermal conductivity of soil is the amount of heat transferred
through a unit in unit time under a unit temperature gradient. It is a measure
of the ability to conduct heat and is dependent upon the bulk density and the
soil water content. Increasing soil bulk density increases the thermal
conductivity. Soil thermal capacity is rather stable fora wide range of soil
moisture content. Liu et al., (2008) investigated the variations of the soil
thermal parameters with soil moisture using a series of one-year continuous
106 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
observation. They noted that the soil thermal conductivity increases as a
power function of soil moisture, whereas the heat capacity changes are
relatively small. Guan et al., (2009) found a relationship between the soil
thermal properties and soil moisture.
Soil temperature affects many physical, chemical, and biological soil
properties, and the plants growing in it.
– It affects plant and microorganism growth.
– It affects many soil environmental processes such as soil
drying by evaporation (therefore, water content).
– It affects water movement and retention in soils.
– It affects soil formation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field experiment was carried out in the Agricultural Field
Experiment Station of the Desert Research Center in Ras Sudr, South
Sinai Governorate, calcareous loamy sand soil texture, to study the effect
of addition different types of organic matters and different levels of water
stress on some soil thermal properties. The experimental treatments were,
three rates (5, 10 and 15 ton/fed) of chicken manure and compost. These
treatments were added to soil two weeks before planting and mixed in 15
cm soil depth. Three levels of irrigation water (40, 60 and 80% from
available water). Pearl millet (Pennisetum Glaucum L.) was planted in 8th
June, 2019 under drip irrigation system. Source of irrigation water used
from a well, which has EC, 9.47 dS/m and Sodium adsorption ratio
(SAR) 13. All plots received the recommended rates of NPK mineral
fertilizers were as follows phosphorus as 100 kg/fed of calcium
superphosphate (15.5% P2O5) as before cultivation, potassium as 75
kg/fed of potassium sulphate (48-50% K2O) and nitrogen as 120 kg/fed
of ammonium sulphate (20.5%N). Nitrogen and potassium were divided
into three equal portions and were applied at seedling, vegetation and
yield formation stages to fulfill the needs of plant growth. Each treatment
consists of 3 plots, each one was 4 m2. Data of soil analyses according to
Klute, (1986) were tabulated in Table (1). Cutting the plants was done in
three stages; the first cutting was 35 days after planting, the second and
the third cuttings were after 70 and 105 days from the first cutting. After
cutting, when plants 10 cm height, soil samples were taken to determined
soil moisture content. soil temperature was determined and recorded at
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 107
the same time every hour from 6:00 AM until 6:00 PM through July,
August and September for 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm soil depth. Digital
thermometer was used to record soil temperature Taylor and Jackson,
(1965). To calculate soil heat content, air temperature was measured at 1
meter height above soil surface by using thermometer. Heat content was
calculated as Calories for each soil layer and the total heat retained was
calculated by the following equations
H = (ms*cs) + (mw*cw)
where:
H = heat content of the soil in Calories
cs = specific heat in Calorie/g/ ºC of dry soil particles
cw = specific heat in Calorie/g/ ºC of soil water
ms = mass of dry soil profiles.
mw = mass of water
ΗΤ = Hs + Hw
where:
ΗΤ = total amount of heat retained in each layer
Hs = amount of heat retained by solid particles
Hw = amount of water heat.
Hs is the product of the mass of the oven dry soil particles and
heat capacity the soil and Hw was estimated by multiplying the
volumetric water content (θV) of each soil layer and the heat capacity of
water. Afterwards, the of treatments obtained via multiplying (ΗΤ) by the
recorded soil temperature at the considered time.
Table (1): Some physical and chemical properties of surface soil
sample.
Soil
sample
(cm)
Course
sand
%
Fine
sand
%
Silt
%
Clay
%
Texture
Bulk
density
(Mg/m3)
CaCO3
(%)
EC
(dS/m)
0-15 16.78 64.80 10.29 8.13
Loamy
Sand
1.49 51.81 8.67
Particle size distribution according to Scheme of International Soil Science Society
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soil temperature, soil moisture content and soil heat content of the
studied soil as affected by various treatments are given in Tables (2-10).
From Table (2) Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed chicken manure
108 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
soil depth 0-5 cm under 40% from available water at 6-9 AM in July
causes to change soil temperature from 26.27 ºC in control to 25.63,
25.32 and 25.21 ºC respectively. Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed
compost causes to change soil temperature from 26.27 ºC in control to
25.18, 25.84 and 25.10 ºC respectively. Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15
ton/fed chicken manure causes to change soil moisture content from
13.38% in control to 17.84, 18.12 and 18.13% respectively. Soil treated
with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed compost causes to change soil moisture content
from 13.38% in control to 18.22, 18.49 and 19.57% respectively. Soil
treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed chicken manure causes to change soil
heat content from 388 Cal/g soil in control to 416, 422 and 430 Cal/g soil
respectively. Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed compost causes to
change soil heat content from 388 Cal/g soil in control to 447, 471 and
497 Cal/g soil respectively. The minimum soil temperature was 21.88 ºC
at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost, soil
moisture content was 10.08% at 3-6 PM in 0-5 cm for control and soil
heat content was 364 Cal/g soil at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for control. The
maximum soil temperature was 32.96 ºC at 12-3 PM in 0-5 cm for
control, soil moisture content was 20.34% at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for soil
treated with 15 ton/fed compost and soil heat content was 587 Cal/g soil
at 12-3 PM in 0-5 cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost. The soil
heat content under 15 ton/fed compost treatment was higher than that of
the other treatments under 40% from available water. This result is in
agreement with those of Gamliel and Stapleton, (1993) and Elia (2019).
This finding may attributed to the presence of high moisture content in
the soil layer treated with compost. The results declared that the values of
soil heat content for chicken manure treatments was lower than the
values of soil heat content for compost treatments. In the same time, it
was noticed that the values of the soil heat content in the layers 0-5, 5-10
and 10-15 cm of control was lower than the soil heat content values of
each of all chicken manure and compost treatments. As the amount of
chicken manure and compost increased, the soil heat content also
increased. Therefore, soil treated with high organic matters will have
high heat content because organic matters do not easily loss or gain heat
and hence increases the heat content and more heat is stored.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 109
Table (3) Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed chicken manure at
soil depth 0-5 cm under 60% from available water at 6-9 AM in July
causes to change soil temperature from 26.20 ºC in control to 26.03,
25.77 and 25.39 ºC respectively. Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed
compost causes to change soil temperature from 26.20 ºC in control to
25.26, 25.22 and 25.12 ºC respectively. Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15
ton/fed chicken manure causes to change soil moisture content from
11.64% in control to 16.77, 17.02 and 17.15% respectively. Soil treated
with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed compost causes to change soil moisture content
from 11.64% in control to 17.40, 17.76 and 18.96% respectively. Soil
treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed chicken manure causes to change soil
heat content from 386 Cal/g soil in control to 412, 418 and 426 Cal/g soil
respectively. Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed compost causes to
change soil heat content from 386 Cal/g soil in control to 441, 464 and
490 Cal/g soil respectively. The minimum soil temperature was 22.28 ºC
at 9-12 AM in 10-15 cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost, soil
moisture content was 8.34% at 3-6 PM in 0-5 cm for control and soil heat
content was 363 Cal/g soil at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for control. The
maximum soil temperature was 33.15 ºC at 12-3 PM in 0-5 cm for
control, soil moisture content was 19.84% at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for soil
treated with 15 ton/fed compost and soil heat content was 576 Cal/g soil
at 12-3 PM in 0-5 cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost. Data
reveal that there is considerable variation of heat content along with
water content. Also, there was an increment in heat content with
increasing the rate of water applied to the soil. This may be due to the
amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of soil is strongly
related to water content. It takes only 0.2 calories of heat energy to
increase the temperature of 1 gram of dry soil 1 °C; compared with 1.0
calories per gram per degree for water Kohnke, (1982). The obvious
effect of adding 15 ton/fed compost on increasing the soil heat content
could be attributed to its black color and keep the higher water holding
capacity. This is because the high absorptivity of dark colors to incidence
of solar radiation.
110 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
Table (2): Effect of different types and rates of organic matters on soil temperature and heat content
under 40% from available water in July.
Treatment
Rate
(ton/fed)
Soil
depth
(cm)
Soil temperature
(ºC)
Soil moisture content
(%)
Soil heat content
(Cal/g soil)
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
Average air temperature 30.65 ºC
Control
0-5 26.27 28.16 32.96 31.44 13.38 11.24 10.72 10.08 388 402 476 418
5-10 24.10 27.37 31.84 29.32 14.40 12.29 11.54 11.11 378 389 441 392
10-15 23.75 24.20 29.71 28.94 14.43 12.57 11.81 11.49 364 375 373 387
Chicken
manure
5
0-5 25.63 27.84 32.81 31.28 17.84 16.28 13.49 12.66 416 419 497 442
5-10 24.05 26.98 31.67 29.17 18.65 17.12 16.07 14.25 388 414 468 415
10-15 23.64 24.46 29.48 28.72 19.03 17.09 15.45 13.81 393 402 393 410
10
0-5 25.32 27.61 32.75 31.07 18.12 16.51 13.75 12.83 422 438 509 457
5-10 23.86 26.73 31.36 28.73 19.07 17.30 16.28 14.32 398 426 475 428
10-15 22.97 24.12 29.29 28.16 19.15 17.38 15.83 14.09 413 410 402 418
15
0-5 25.21 27.18 32.34 30.91 18.13 16.78 14.02 13.07 430 442 525 464
5-10 23.80 26.46 31.18 28.54 19.14 17.42 16.42 14.48 416 446 486 440
10-15 22.71 23.89 29.78 28.05 19.25 17.54 15.91 14.14 426 427 420 435
Compost
5
0-5 25.18 27.04 32.17 30.78 18.22 16.83 14.13 13.28 447 470 537 485
5-10 24.79 26.15 31.04 28.48 19.35 17.57 16.64 14.70 428 458 503 468
10-15 22.49 23.45 29.63 27.84 19.40 17.69 16.08 14.31 436 419 446 460
10
0-5 25.84 26.93 32.08 30.53 18.49 17.26 14.62 13.54 471 486 552 512
5-10 24.73 26.28 30.90 28.64 19.68 17.83 16.81 14.82 448 473 518 487
10-15 22.43 23.12 29.68 27.56 19.85 17.90 16.54 14.67 463 449 470 474
15
0-5 25.10 26.27 31.59 29.71 19.57 18.48 14.83 13.83 497 520 587 545
5-10 23.74 25.74 30.04 28.56 20.15 18.59 17.67 15.57 472 508 552 526
10-15 21.88 23.10 28.65 27.39 20.34 18.73 16.92 15.24 487 481 504 509
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 111
Table (3): Effect of different types and rates of organic matters on soil temperature and heat content
under 60% from available water in July.
Treatment
Rate
(ton/fed)
Soil
depth
(cm)
Soil temperature
(ºC)
Soil moisture content
(%)
Soil heat content
(Cal/g soil)
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
Average air temperature 30.65 ºC
Control
0-5 26.20 28.58 33.15 31.71 11.64 9.68 9.08 8.34 386 398 470 414
5-10 24.65 27.68 32.07 29.47 12.71 10.63 9.92 9.53 376 387 436 389
10-15 23.71 24.33 29.70 29.03 12.84 10.96 10.23 9.96 363 373 371 385
Chicken
manure
5
0-5 26.03 28.22 32.98 31.57 16.77 15.27 12.41 11.61 412 415 490 437
5-10 23.92 26.42 31.87 29.30 17.70 16.14 15.08 13.29 386 410 461 411
10-15 23.52 24.03 29.62 28.78 18.08 16.10 14.42 12.78 390 398 390 407
10
0-5 25.77 27.95 32.91 31.48 17.02 15.54 12.77 11.80 418 433 501 451
5-10 24.80 27.23 31.51 28.79 18.18 16.45 15.43 13.52 395 421 469 423
10-15 23.47 23.94 29.58 28.13 18.27 16.54 15.00 13.25 409 407 398 414
15
0-5 25.39 27.46 32.64 31.30 17.15 15.85 13.07 12.13 426 437 516 458
5-10 24.15 26.94 31.31 28.69 18.31 16.58 15.57 13.65 412 440 479 435
10-15 23.44 23.67 29.52 28.01 18.44 16.72 15.07 13.30 421 422 416 430
Compost
5
0-5 25.26 27.30 32.45 31.00 17.40 16.00 13.30 12.47 441 463 527 478
5-10 24.10 26.63 31.15 28.59 18.70 16.96 16.01 14.08 423 452 495 461
10-15 23.09 23.17 29.35 27.77 18.76 17.09 15.49 13.73 431 415 440 454
10
0-5 25.22 27.17 32.34 30.86 17.76 16.55 13.91 12.85 464 479 542 503
5-10 23.96 26.27 30.99 28.57 19.08 17.25 16.23 14.32 442 467 510 480
10-15 22.84 22.77 29.13 27.44 19.28 17.34 16.03 14.15 457 443 463 468
15
0-5 25.12 26.41 31.78 29.92 18.96 17.90 14.25 13.18 490 512 576 535
5-10 23.87 25.80 30.08 28.50 19.62 18.03 17.12 15.18 465 500 542 517
10-15 22.64 22.28 28.85 26.10 19.84 18.19 16.46 14.80 480 474 496 501
112 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
Table (4) Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed chicken manure at
soil depth 0-5 cm under 80% from available water at 6-9 AM in July
causes to change soil temperature from 26.09 ºC in control to 25.98,
25.82 and 25.42 ºC respectively. Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed
compost causes to change soil temperature from 26.09 ºC in control to
25.27, 25.23 and 25.13 ºC respectively. Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15
ton/fed chicken manure causes to change soil moisture content from
9.89% in control to 15.69, 16.03 and 16.17% respectively. Soil treated
with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed compost causes to change on soil moisture
content from 9.89% in control to 16.59, 17.04 and 18.34% respectively.
Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed chicken manure causes to change
soil heat content from 383 Cal/g soil in control to 408, 414 and 421 Cal/g
soil respectively, this result agreed with Elia (2019) and Chishala et al.,
(2019). Soil treated with 5, 10 and 15 ton/fed compost effects on soil heat
content from 383 Cal/g soil in control to 436, 458 and 482 Cal/g soil
respectively. The minimum soil temperature was 22.43 ºC at 9-12 AM in
10-15 cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost, soil moisture content
was 6.60% at 3-6 PM in 0-5 cm for control and soil heat content was 361
Cal/g soil at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for control. The maximum soil
temperature was 33.35 ºC at 12-3 PM in 0-5 cm for control, soil moisture
content was 19.34% at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for soil treated with 15
ton/fed compost and soil heat content was 564 Cal/g soil at 12-3 PM in 0-
5 cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost. The higher moisture
content lowers soil temperature due to the higher of below heat
vaporization of water molecules ≈ 585 Cal/g. Therefore, the temperature
of the lower layer was always less than the upper one. According Edem
(2015) organic matters inclusion at any rate dampen heat transfer in the
soil.
Data in Tables (5-7) reveal that the same trend, in August but the
total soil heat content was higher in August than the total heat content in
July this due to increased air and soil temperatures through August.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 113
Table (4): Effect of different types and rates of organic matters on soil temperature and heat content
under 80% from available water in July.
Treatment
Rate
(ton/fed)
Soil
depth
(cm)
Soil temperature
(ºC)
Soil moisture content
(%)
Soil heat content
(Cal/g soil)
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
Average air temperature 30.65 ºC
Control
0-5 26.09 29.01 33.35 31.97 9.89 8.11 7.44 6.60 383 395 463 410
5-10 24.84 27.98 32.29 29.62 11.02 8.98 8.30 7.94 374 384 431 386
10-15 23.95 24.20 29.61 29.12 11.26 9.34 8.65 8.44 361 371 369 382
Chicken
manure
5
0-5 25.98 28.59 33.15 31.89 15.69 14.26 11.34 10.56 408 411 482 432
5-10 24.67 27.47 32.07 29.42 16.75 15.16 14.09 12.33 383 406 455 407
10-15 23.79 23.86 29.52 28.84 17.14 15.12 13.39 11.75 387 395 387 403
10
0-5 25.82 28.29 33.08 31.86 16.03 14.56 11.79 10.78 414 428 493 445
5-10 24.31 27.15 31.67 28.85 17.29 15.59 14.58 12.72 392 417 462 419
10-15 23.55 23.76 29.48 28.11 17.40 15.69 14.17 12.42 405 403 395 410
15
0-5 25.42 27.73 32.94 31.68 16.17 14.91 12.13 11.19 421 432 507 452
5-10 24.27 26.8 31.43 28.73 17.48 15.75 14.73 12.82 408 435 472 430
10-15 23.44 23.46 29.42 27.97 17.63 15.90 14.23 12.45 417 418 412 425
Compost
5
0-5 25.27 27.55 32.72 31.21 16.59 15.18 12.47 11.66 436 457 518 471
5-10 24.12 26.56 31.25 28.63 18.06 16.34 15.38 13.46 419 446 487 455
10-15 23.38 22.89 29.22 27.69 18.12 16.50 14.90 13.15 426 411 435 448
10
0-5 25.23 27.41 32.60 31.19 17.04 15.84 13.21 12.15 458 472 532 495
5-10 24.08 26.40 31.07 28.60 18.48 16.68 15.65 13.82 437 460 501 473
10-15 23.24 22.68 29.04 27.33 18.71 16.77 15.52 13.62 451 438 457 461
15
0-5 25.13 26.55 31.97 30.12 18.34 17.32 13.68 12.53 482 503 564 525
5-10 24.03 25.86 30.11 28.52 19.10 17.47 16.57 14.79 459 492 532 508
10-15 23.07 22.43 28.98 25.81 19.34 17.65 16.01 14.36 473 467 488 493
114 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
Table (5): Effect of different types and rates of organic matters on soil temperature and heat content
under 40% from available water in August.
Treatment
Rate
(ton/fed)
Soil
depth
(cm)
Soil temperature
(ºC)
Soil moisture content
(%)
Soil heat content
(Cal/g soil)
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
Average air temperature 33.12 ºC
Control
0-5 27.54 27.88 34.35 31.77 12.75 10.56 10.03 9.38 427 442 524 460
5-10 25.92 26.26 33.20 30.55 13.79 11.64 10.87 10.43 416 428 485 431
10-15 24.99 25.29 31.07 28.32 13.82 11.92 11.15 10.82 401 413 411 426
Chicken
manure
5
0-5 27.08 27.29 34.19 31.6 17.30 15.71 12.86 12.01 458 461 547 486
5-10 25.88 26.08 33.02 30.37 18.12 16.56 15.49 13.64 427 456 515 457
10-15 24.87 25.20 31.01 28.23 18.51 16.53 14.86 13.19 433 442 433 451
10
0-5 26.76 27.05 34.13 31.52 17.48 15.94 13.13 12.19 464 482 560 503
5-10 25.30 25.57 32.70 30.02 18.55 16.75 15.71 13.71 438 469 523 471
10-15 24.25 24.68 30.97 28.21 18.63 16.83 15.25 13.47 455 451 442 460
15
0-5 26.39 26.80 33.71 31.1 17.59 16.22 13.40 12.43 473 486 578 511
5-10 25.16 25.45 32.52 29.81 18.62 16.87 15.85 13.87 458 491 535 484
10-15 24.18 24.53 30.92 28.16 18.74 16.99 15.33 13.52 469 470 462 479
Compost
5
0-5 26.32 26.74 33.54 30.91 17.68 16.27 13.51 12.65 492 517 591 534
5-10 25.10 25.32 32.37 29.64 18.84 17.02 16.07 14.09 471 504 554 515
10-15 24.02 24.38 30.76 28 18.89 17.14 15.50 13.70 480 461 491 506
10
0-5 26.31 26.52 33.44 30.81 17.96 16.71 14.01 12.91 518 535 607 563
5-10 24.85 25.19 32.23 29.54 19.17 17.29 16.25 14.22 493 521 570 536
10-15 23.80 24.19 30.57 27.8 19.35 17.36 15.97 14.06 510 494 517 522
15
0-5 26.11 26.33 32.94 30.28 19.06 17.95 14.23 13.21 547 572 646 600
5-10 24.78 25.09 31.34 28.61 19.65 18.06 17.12 14.98 519 559 607 579
10-15 23.67 23.88 29.91 27.11 19.85 18.20 16.36 14.64 536 529 555 560
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 115
Table (6): Effect of different types and rates of organic matters on soil temperature and heat content
under 60% from available water in August.
Treatment
Rate
(ton/fed)
Soil
depth
(cm)
Soil temperature
(ºC)
Soil moisture content
(%)
Soil heat content
(Cal/g soil)
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
Average air temperature 33.12 ºC
Control
0-5 27.56 27.84 34.57 32.00 11.93 9.68 9.14 8.46 421 436 519 454
5-10 26.09 26.31 33.45 30.82 13.00 10.78 10.00 9.55 410 422 480 425
10-15 24.95 25.26 31.00 28.27 13.03 11.08 10.28 9.94 394 406 404 420
Chicken
manure
5
0-5 27.38 27.79 34.37 31.79 16.62 14.98 12.05 11.17 447 450 538 476
5-10 25.93 26.24 33.23 30.59 17.47 15.86 14.76 12.84 416 445 505 446
10-15 24.74 25.08 30.92 28.17 17.87 15.83 14.10 12.38 421 431 421 440
10
0-5 27.11 27.43 34.30 31.71 16.80 15.22 12.32 11.35 454 472 551 493
5-10 25.41 25.76 32.86 30.2 17.91 16.05 14.98 12.92 427 458 513 460
10-15 24.69 25.04 30.89 28.14 17.99 16.13 14.50 12.68 444 440 431 449
15
0-5 26.71 27.01 34.02 31.42 16.92 15.50 12.60 11.60 463 476 569 501
5-10 25.36 25.71 32.67 30.00 17.98 16.17 15.12 13.09 447 481 525 474
10-15 24.66 24.93 30.82 28.06 18.10 16.30 14.59 12.73 458 459 451 468
Compost
5
0-5 26.57 26.90 33.84 31.23 17.01 15.55 12.72 11.82 477 503 578 519
5-10 25.21 25.54 32.49 29.81 18.20 16.33 15.35 13.32 455 489 540 500
10-15 24.29 24.71 30.65 27.89 18.25 16.46 14.77 12.91 464 445 476 491
10
0-5 26.53 26.77 33.71 31.1 17.30 16.01 13.23 12.10 504 520 595 550
5-10 25.17 25.54 32.34 29.66 18.55 16.61 15.53 13.44 478 506 556 522
10-15 24.04 24.53 30.41 27.63 18.73 16.68 15.25 13.29 495 479 503 507
15
0-5 26.43 26.75 33.17 30.53 18.43 17.29 13.45 12.40 533 559 634 587
5-10 25.12 25.48 31.40 28.66 19.04 17.40 16.44 14.23 505 545 595 565
10-15 23.82 24.20 30.13 27.34 19.24 17.55 15.65 13.88 522 515 541 546
116 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
Table (7): Effect of different types and rates of organic matters on soil temperature and heat content
under 80% from available water in August.
Treatment
Rate
(ton/fed)
Soil
depth
(cm)
Soil temperature
(ºC)
Soil moisture content
(%)
Soil heat content
(Cal/g soil)
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
Average air temperature 33.12 ºC
Control
0-5 27.75 28.21 34.75 32.19 10.13 7.77 7.19 6.49 415 431 515 449
5-10 26.33 26.75 33.66 31.04 10.95 8.92 8.10 7.62 403 416 475 419
10-15 25.23 25.65 30.92 28.20 11.08 9.23 8.39 8.04 388 400 398 414
Chicken
manure
5
0-5 27.33 27.67 34.57 32.00 15.45 13.73 10.65 9.73 438 441 529 467
5-10 26.05 26.66 33.47 30.85 16.34 14.65 13.49 11.49 406 435 496 436
10-15 25.20 25.61 30.84 28.08 16.76 14.62 12.81 11.00 411 422 411 431
10
0-5 27.06 27.47 34.48 31.90 15.65 13.98 10.93 9.92 444 462 543 484
5-10 25.63 25.98 33.03 30.38 16.80 14.85 13.73 11.56 417 449 504 451
10-15 24.98 25.19 30.77 28.06 16.89 14.94 13.23 11.31 434 431 422 440
15
0-5 26.86 27.35 34.33 31.75 15.77 14.28 11.23 10.18 453 467 561 492
5-10 25.58 25.95 32.79 30.13 16.88 14.98 13.88 11.74 438 472 517 465
10-15 24.66 25.06 30.70 27.97 17.00 15.12 13.32 11.36 449 450 442 459
Compost
5
0-5 26.84 27.27 34.10 31.51 16.17 14.63 11.85 10.92 473 499 575 516
5-10 25.48 25.89 32.60 29.93 17.41 15.45 14.42 12.48 451 485 536 496
10-15 24.61 24.97 30.53 27.78 17.47 15.58 13.80 12.05 460 441 472 487
10
0-5 26.75 27.19 33.98 31.38 16.46 15.11 12.39 11.20 500 517 592 546
5-10 25.43 25.80 32.42 29.75 17.78 15.74 14.61 12.62 474 502 553 518
10-15 24.45 24.86 30.31 27.53 17.96 15.81 14.31 12.45 491 475 499 503
15
0-5 26.74 27.18 33.37 30.73 17.65 16.45 12.63 11.52 529 555 631 584
5-10 25.38 25.79 31.64 28.93 18.29 16.57 15.56 13.44 501 542 592 562
10-15 24.27 24.62 30.27 27.48 18.50 16.73 14.73 13.08 518 511 537 543
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 117
In September the soil temperature, soil moisture content and soil
heat content of the studied soil as affected by various treatments are
given in Tables (8-10). From Table (8) the minimum soil temperature
was 22.14 ºC at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for control, soil moisture content
was 10.27% at 3-6 PM in 0-5 cm for control and soil heat content was
348 Cal/g soil at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for control. The maximum soil
temperature was 27.38 ºC at 12-3 PM in 0-5 cm for soil treated with 15
ton/fed compost, soil moisture content was 20.63% at 6-9 AM in 10-15
cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost and soil heat content was 584
Cal/g soil at 12-3 PM in 0-5 cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost.
From Table (9) the minimum soil temperature was 22.27 ºC at 6-9 AM in
10-15 cm for control, soil moisture content was 8.98% at 3-6 PM in 0-5
cm for control and soil heat content was 342 Cal/g soil at 6-9 AM in 10-
15 cm for control. The maximum soil temperature was 27.34 ºC at 12-3
PM in 0-5 cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost, soil moisture
content was 19.76% at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for soil treated with 15
ton/fed compost and soil heat content was 576 Cal/g soil at 12-3 PM in 0-
5 cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost. From Table (10) the
minimum soil temperature was 22.66 ºC at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for
control, soil moisture content was 7.38% at 3-6 PM in 0-5 cm for control
and soil heat content was 336 Cal/g soil at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for
control. The maximum soil temperature was 27.20 ºC at 12-3 PM in 0-5
cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost, soil moisture content was
19.25% at 6-9 AM in 10-15 cm for soil treated with 15 ton/fed compost
and soil heat content was 583 Cal/g soil at 12-3 PM in 0-5 cm for soil
treated with 15 ton/fed compost.
118 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
Table (8): Effect of different types and rates of organic matters on soil temperature and heat content
under 40% from available water in September.
Treatment
Rate
(ton/fed)
Soil
depth
(cm)
Soil temperature
(ºC)
Soil moisture content
(%)
Soil heat content
(Cal/g soil)
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
Average air temperature 29.78 ºC
Control
0-5 24.39 24.73 26.14 24.90 13.60 11.44 10.92 10.27 374 389 464 406
5-10 23.27 23.57 24.93 23.63 14.63 12.50 11.75 11.31 363 375 426 378
10-15 22.14 22.41 23.74 22.36 14.66 12.79 12.02 11.69 348 360 353 373
Chicken
manure
5
0-5 24.46 24.80 26.21 24.99 18.11 16.53 13.71 12.88 404 408 487 432
5-10 23.27 23.57 24.94 23.63 18.93 17.38 16.32 14.48 374 402 455 403
10-15 22.34 22.62 23.94 22.55 19.31 17.35 15.69 14.04 379 389 374 398
10
0-5 24.59 24.93 26.32 25.07 18.29 16.77 13.98 13.05 411 428 500 449
5-10 23.32 23.63 24.97 23.63 19.35 17.56 16.53 14.55 385 415 463 417
10-15 22.57 22.86 24.19 22.84 19.43 17.64 16.08 14.32 401 398 384 406
15
0-5 24.69 25.03 26.45 25.26 18.40 17.04 14.25 13.29 419 432 517 456
5-10 23.45 23.75 25.12 23.83 19.42 17.68 16.67 14.71 404 437 475 430
10-15 22.70 22.99 24.33 22.99 19.53 17.81 16.16 14.37 415 416 404 425
Compost
5
0-5 24.97 25.32 26.75 25.58 18.49 17.09 14.36 13.50 438 463 530 479
5-10 23.59 23.91 25.26 23.95 19.63 17.84 16.90 14.94 417 450 493 460
10-15 22.98 23.28 24.63 23.30 19.68 17.96 16.33 14.54 426 408 432 452
10
0-5 25.16 25.52 26.96 25.77 18.76 17.52 14.86 13.77 464 480 546 508
5-10 24.16 24.49 25.89 24.64 19.97 18.10 17.07 15.06 439 466 509 481
10-15 23.17 23.47 24.81 23.52 20.14 18.17 16.80 14.91 455 440 458 467
15
0-5 25.55 25.92 27.38 26.22 19.86 18.75 15.07 14.06 492 517 584 544
5-10 24.18 24.51 25.90 24.66 20.44 18.87 17.94 15.82 465 504 546 523
10-15 23.28 23.58 24.94 23.61 20.63 19.01 17.18 15.48 481 474 494 505
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 119
Table (9): Effect of different types and rates of organic matters on soil temperature and heat content
under 60% from available water in September.
Treatment
Rate
(ton/fed)
Soil
depth
(cm)
Soil temperature
(ºC)
Soil moisture content
(%)
Soil heat content
(Cal/g soil)
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
Average air temperature 29.78 ºC
Control
0-5 24.51 24.87 26.29 25.06 12.45 10.20 9.65 8.98 368 384 461 402
5-10 23.39 23.71 25.08 23.79 13.52 11.30 10.52 10.06 357 369 422 373
10-15 22.27 22.58 23.91 22.54 13.55 11.60 10.80 10.46 342 354 346 367
Chicken
manure
5
0-5 24.60 24.95 26.37 25.15 17.13 15.49 12.56 11.69 395 398 481 424
5-10 23.41 23.74 25.11 23.81 17.98 16.38 15.27 13.36 364 393 448 394
10-15 22.46 22.74 24.07 22.71 18.38 16.34 14.62 12.90 369 379 364 388
10
0-5 24.63 24.99 26.40 25.19 17.32 15.74 12.84 11.87 402 420 494 441
5-10 23.43 23.74 25.11 23.81 18.42 16.57 15.49 13.44 375 406 456 408
10-15 22.68 22.98 24.31 22.97 18.51 16.65 15.02 13.19 392 388 374 397
15
0-5 24.75 25.14 26.57 25.36 17.44 16.02 13.12 12.12 410 423 509 448
5-10 23.60 23.92 25.29 24.01 18.50 16.69 15.64 13.60 394 428 467 421
10-15 23.00 23.28 24.63 23.31 18.61 16.82 15.11 13.25 405 406 393 415
Compost
5
0-5 25.09 25.45 26.89 25.70 17.53 16.07 13.24 12.34 424 450 520 466
5-10 23.64 23.97 25.35 24.05 18.72 16.85 15.87 13.83 402 436 481 447
10-15 23.02 23.33 24.68 23.36 18.77 16.98 15.28 13.42 411 392 417 438
10
0-5 25.33 25.69 27.14 25.97 17.82 16.52 13.75 12.62 451 468 537 497
5-10 24.08 24.45 25.89 24.68 19.07 17.12 16.05 13.96 425 453 498 469
10-15 23.07 23.36 24.72 23.40 19.24 17.20 15.77 13.80 442 426 444 454
15
0-5 25.48 25.88 27.34 26.18 18.95 17.80 13.97 12.92 480 506 576 534
5-10 24.22 24.58 25.98 24.74 19.56 17.92 16.95 14.75 452 492 537 513
10-15 23.24 23.56 24.93 23.62 19.76 18.07 16.17 14.40 469 462 483 493
120 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
Table (10): Effect of different types and rates of organic matters on soil temperature and heat content
under 80% from available water in September.
Treatment
Rate
(ton/fed)
Soil
depth
(cm)
Soil temperature
(ºC)
Soil moisture content
(%)
Soil heat content
(Cal/g soil)
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
6-9
AM
9-12
AM
12-3
PM
3-6
PM
Average air temperature 29.78 ºC
Control
0-5 24.55 24.90 26.31 25.11 11.02 8.66 8.09 7.38 363 379 457 397
5-10 23.53 23.84 25.21 23.93 12.15 9.82 8.99 8.52 351 364 418 367
10-15 22.66 22.95 24.29 22.94 12.18 10.13 9.29 8.94 336 348 340 362
Chicken
manure
5
0-5 24.69 25.06 26.48 25.27 16.09 14.37 11.29 10.38 394 398 481 424
5-10 23.57 23.88 25.26 23.97 16.98 15.30 14.14 12.13 363 392 448 393
10-15 22.82 23.11 24.45 23.12 17.40 15.26 13.45 11.64 368 379 363 388
10
0-5 24.69 25.07 26.50 25.29 16.29 14.62 11.58 10.56 401 419 495 441
5-10 23.61 23.95 25.33 24.05 17.45 15.49 14.37 12.21 374 406 456 408
10-15 22.94 23.23 24.61 23.31 17.53 15.58 13.87 11.95 391 388 373 397
15
0-5 24.79 25.19 26.65 25.45 16.41 14.92 11.88 10.83 410 424 513 449
5-10 23.74 24.08 25.49 24.22 17.52 15.63 14.52 12.38 394 429 469 422
10-15 23.00 23.30 24.65 23.33 17.64 15.76 13.96 12.01 406 407 394 416
Compost
5
0-5 25.24 25.61 27.07 25.90 16.91 15.38 12.40 11.46 430 456 526 473
5-10 23.78 24.12 25.54 24.26 18.15 16.19 15.17 13.03 408 442 488 453
10-15 23.10 23.39 24.75 23.45 18.21 16.32 14.55 12.60 417 398 423 444
10
0-5 25.28 25.65 27.09 25.94 17.21 15.85 12.94 11.75 457 474 543 503
5-10 24.15 24.49 25.91 24.70 18.52 16.48 15.35 13.16 431 459 505 475
10-15 23.31 23.65 25.02 23.72 18.71 16.56 15.06 12.99 448 432 450 460
15
0-5 25.38 25.75 27.20 26.07 18.40 17.20 13.17 12.07 486 512 583 541
5-10 24.29 24.66 26.07 24.87 19.04 17.32 16.30 13.99 458 499 543 519
10-15 23.46 23.78 25.15 23.88 19.25 17.47 15.47 13.62 475 468 489 500
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020 121
CONCLUSION
The addition of organic matters (chicken manure and compost)
caused to decrease in the soil temperature during July and August, and
they had an opposite reaction during September as they caused to
increase the soil temperature. Organic matters act as a buffer to changes
in soil temperature. Organic matters (chicken manure and compost)
affects soil temperature and soil heat content. Since organic matter
absorb and retain moisture so the soil treated with it has high amounts of
moisture. Therefore, the use of organic matters is a source of moisture,
and as such, it is recommended that farmers should know how to
effectively manipulate organic matters to ensure that moisture is
maintained even during dry spells. This is important because it helps
farmers manage soil under the influence of climate change.
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تأثیر اضافة المواد العضویة والاجهاد المائى على الخواص الح ا رریة للتربة
تحت ظروف أ رس سدر.
ضیاء سعید منیر بولس
قسم کیمیاء وطبیعة الأ ا رضی - مرکز بحوت الصح ا رء
أجریة تجربة حقمیة لد ا رسة تأثیر اضافة الموواد العضوویة واهجدواد الموالى اموى ال ووا
الح ا رریوووة لمتربوووةا توووم اجووو ا رء التجربوووة الحقمیوووة بمحطوووة بحوووت أ رس سووودر التابعوووة لمرکوووز بحوووت
الصوووح ا رء بمحافجوووة جنوووا سووویناءا اسوووت دم نوووای مووو المووواد العضووویة و موووا سوووماد الووودواج
05 ط /فودا لکووه مندمواا اسوت دم ثو ت مسوتویاة موو ،01 ، والکمبوسوة بمعودهة اضوافة 5
01 % مو مواء المیسور وذلوا بأسوت دام نجوام الورا بوالتنقیط وز ا راوة ،61 ، اهجدواد الموالى 01
محصوه الد المؤلؤاا توم قیواس وتسوجیه کو مو حو ا ررب ورطوبوة التربوة انود ثو ت ااموا مو
05 سووم وو ه ووودور یولیووو وا.سوطس وسووبتمبرا تووم حسوواا -01 ،01-5 ،5- التربووة و ووى 1
المحتوا الح ا ررا بالکمورا لکه طبقة م طبقاة التربة الث ثةا اجدورة النتوالا ا اضوافة الموواد
العضوویة مسوماد الودواج والکمبوسوةأ أدة الوى رو درجوة حو ا ررب التربوة و ه وودرا یولیوو
وا.سطسا وکا لدما تأثیر اکسى ه ودر سبتمبر حیت أدة الى زیادب درجوة حو ا ررب التربوةا
المواد العضویة تعمه امى تقمیوه التییو ا رة فوى حو ا ررب التربوة و ه وودور السونةا الموواد العضوویة
مسوماد الودواج والکمبوسوةأ یوؤث ا ر اموى کو مو درجوة حو ا ررب التربوة والمحتووا الحو ا ررا لمتربوةا
المواد العضویة لدا القدرب امى امتصا الرطوبة واهحتراج بدا و لذلا فإ التربة المعالجوة بدوا
تحتووا اموى نسوا االیوة مو الرطوبوةا لوذلا یعود أسوت دام الموواد العضوویة وسویمة لحروج المواء
بالتربوةا واموى وذا النحوو فمو اهفضوه ا یعوورف الم ا زراوو کیریوة التعاموه براامیوة مو الموواد
العضووویة لضوووما الحرووواج اموووى الرطوبوووة حتوووى اثنوواء فتووو ا رة الجروووافا و وووذا مدوووم هنووو یسوووااد
الم ا زرای امى کیریة أدارب التربة تحة تأثیر تییر المناخا
124 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (9) 2020
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