Egyptology Schools in Egypt during the Nineteenth Century

Introduction

    The Western scholars have rediscovered ancient Egypt during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries when carrying out many archaeological excavations in Egypt then scientifically studying the discovered Antiquities as well as monuments and Artifacts. ^([1]) Finally, their scientific production made Egyptology an academic discipline that starting at the Collège de France in 1831. ^([2])Sheikh Rifāʻah Rāfiʻ Ṭahṭāwī, ^([3]) considers the first non- specialist Egyptian of Egyptology read and translate books on ancient Egypt civilization. Furthermore, he was the 1^st Egyptian write a book on the History of ancient Egypt entitles "Anwar Tawfīq al-Jalīl fī Akhbar Miṣr wa-tawthīq Banī Ismāʻīl" and published in Arabic in 1868. ^([4])It was supposed after the establishment of the Egyptian Antiquities service and Museum in Egypt in 1858, ^([5]) to begin establishing Egyptology Educational institutions to create Egyptian Archaeologists to participate the foreigners in administering the Archaeological institutions and later to control on the field of Egyptology in Egypt. But it achieved when Khedive Ismāʿīl Pasha ordered in 1868 to teach the hieroglyphic script, and the 1st school of Egyptology, Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem (School of the Ancient language), opened in 1869.

     The alumni of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem did not employ after the graduation in the Egyptian Museum or the Antiquities Service. But later two of them, the Great archaeologist Ahmed Kamal Pasha became the assistant curator of the Egyptian Museum, and Ahmed Effendi Naguib, an archaeological inspector in the Antiquities service.

     Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria was established in 1881 under the request of Monsieur Gaston Maspero, the director of the Egyptian Antiquities services to graduate Egyptian Archaeological inspectors for the service. It graduated the great archaeological inspectors Mohamed Effendi Chaban and Hassan Effendi Hosny. Alī Pasha Mubārak was the 2nd non- specialist Egyptian of Egyptology after Rifāʻah Rāfiʻ Ṭahṭāwī. He also reading and writing about the ancient Egyptian civilization. ^([6]) He wrote for the history and monuments of ancient Egypt in his known encyclopedia al- Khiṭaṭ al-tawfīqīyah which issued between(1886-1888). ^([7])

Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem (1285 - 1292 A.H. / 1868-1875 A.D.)

    Khedive Isma'il issued a decree No. 1 of 13th Rajab 1285 A.H. / 1868 A.D. for determining to teach the Hieroglyphic script and Ḥabashīyah language at Madrasa Altajhizia (a secondary school), as well as choosing the black and dark skinned students who similar to the Upper Egypt boys to join the school, in addition to appointing teachers from the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate to teach Ḥabashīyah in the school. ^([8])According to this decree, Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem has established as a Higher school attached to Madrasa Altajhizia and became one of the Royal schools of dīwān almadaris (the Ministry of Public Education).

     Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem opened in 1286 A.H. / 1869 A.D., within a house at Bulaq next to Sidi Al-Qalali of dīwān almurur wal Sikat Alhadid (Diwan of Traffic and Railways). ^([9])Itwas the first Egyptology school in Egypt sought to graduate Egyptians students know about Hieroglyphics and the civilization of Ancient Egypt to become Egyptologists for partaking in the archaeological excavations, as well as studying and preservation of the Egyptian antiquities. ^([10]) The school students taught about Ḥabashīyah language which is one of the Semitic languages that appeared during the 10th century B.C. and has spoken by Ethiopians and Eritreans. ^([11])

       The Syrian Historian Jack Tajer refers in his book" Harakat al-Tarjama bi Misr Khilal al-Qarn al-Tasa' Ashar"(The Movement of Translating in Egypt during the Nineteenth Century); that the Khedive Isma'il wanted to enroll the dark-skinned students in Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem to become translators of Ḥabashīyah to communicate with the inhabitance of Ethiopia after conquest their country. ^([12])   

        Heinrich Brugsch, ^([13])  the German Egyptologist, the 1st curator of the Egyptian Antiquities Museum in Berlin and the Honorary member of Institute de l' Egypt was chosen to be the headmaster of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem, ^([14])to teach Hieroglyphics, and Ḥabashīyah language. He came to Egypt in 1286AH /1869AD. ^([15])  He signed with Ali Pasha Mubarak the Minister of Education a five-year contract with a monthly salary of 500 frank. ^([16]) The student of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem studied Hieroglyphics, and Al- Habshia language, in addition to Coptic, German, ^([17]) and Egyptology. ^([18]) (Table 1)

Table 1: The subjects and Teaching staff of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem in (1869-1872)

            ( Source:

 وائل ابراهيم الدسوقي، التاريخ الثقافي لمصر الحديثة: المؤسسات العلمية والثقافية في القرن 19 ( سلسلة مصر النهضة (87)، القاهرة: دار الکتب والوثائق القومية،2012 )، ص 268.

Initially, on 14^th Shawwal 1286 A.H./ 1869A.D., five students were selected from the Higher schools, Madrasa al'iidara (the school of management) and Madrasa  Al-Masaha wal al Mohasaba (school of accounting) to join Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem, (Table 2).

Table2:  Names of the 1^st five students enrolled in Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem.

(Source:

دار الوثائق القومية –  محافظ الأبحاث – المحفظة (63) - الملف (3) – محرم 1283 إلى  25 ذي الحجة 1286هـ - ص 583  ; دار الوثائق القومية - وثائق ديوان المدارس- [ 000329-4001 ] - السجل (201) - 29 رجب 1286 إلى 3 ذو الحجة 1286 هـ - نمرة العموم ( 263) - ص 106.    

   On 20^th Shawwal 1286 A.H./ 1869A.D., other five students enrolled in Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem(Table3).

Table3: Names of the other five students enrolled in Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem

 (Source:

دار الوثائق القومية –  محافظ الأبحاث – المحفظة (63) - الملف (3) – محرم 1283 إلى  25 ذي الحجة 1286هــ-  ص 583  ;دار الوثائق القومية - وثائق ديوان المدارس – [ 000329-4001 ] - السجل (201) - 29 رجب 1286 إلى 3 ذو الحجة 1286هـــ- ص126.

     The Students of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem were going on field trips to the Monuments of Upper Egypt and the Egyptian Museum. ^([21])They have translated the articles of Heinrich Brugsch, in Arabic then published it in the magazine of  Rawdat Almadaris such as Hussein Zaky Effendi,^([22]) andMohamed Effendi Tawfiq. ^([23])  It was chosen a representative from the Coptic Patriarchs in Egypt to test the students of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem on Hieroglyphic and Habashia language at Darab aljamamiz, Cairo. ^([24])The budget of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem was followed the Ministry of Finance. ^([25])On 14 Shawwal 1286A.H./ 1869, it was determined for  the 1st five students joined the school a monthly pocket money of 50 piasters to each student, as well as, teaching tools, clothes, chef and also daily sum of 4 piasters to provide the food to each student. On 17 Shawwal  1286 A.H. / 1869 A.D.,  Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem supplied with a ship to visit the Egyptian monuments and led by  Ahmad Radwan Al-Saqqa with a monthly salary of 125 piasters. ^([26]) After the students of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem became ten students, their monthly pocket money decreased from 50 to 25 piasters except Mohammad Effendi Wasafi became 40 piasters. (Table 4)

    The German Archaeologist Emile Brugsch (1842-1930),came to Egypt in 1870 to teach with his brother, Heinrich Brugsch at Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem. ^([27])On 4th Shawwal 1288A.H./1871 A.D., dīwān almadaris decided to move the residence of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem to the Schools Complex at Durb Al-Jamamiz, Due to the complaint of Heinrich Brugsch, on the humidity in the school and the House. ^([28]) In the same year, Muhammad Effendi Tawfiq, a student of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem had employed as an assistant at Diwan Makatib al'ahlia (the Diwan of the Civil offices), and a teacher of German at Alexandria. ^([29]) But he sicked and left work to come back to the school to complete his study. ^([30])The budged of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem in (1871-1872 ) was as follows; 1009E.P for the salaries of three teachers and 112 E.P for sending a student from the school in a student mission outside of Egypt. ^([31])

Table 4: The Expenses Statement of seven students of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem in 1289A.H./ 1872 A.D

(Source:

 دار الوثائق القومية – محافظ الأبحاث – المحفظة (64) – الملف (2) – 4 محرم 1288 إلى غرة الحجة 1299هـ - ص125.

     In 1289 A.H. / 1872 A.D., it had planned to teach German in the Egyptian schools but to Bring teachers from abroad were going to cost a lot of money. So on 17th Shaaban  1289 A.H./ 1872 A.D., it decided to send five students of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem to Austria or Prussia with Monsieur Heinrich Brugsch to stay for a year or half-year to learn German at one of the schools there. It determined to each student a monthly sum of 300 Frank for clothes, house’s rent and food costs, as well as teachers’ salaries.  After their return were going to appoint as teachers of German at the Royal schools, ^([32]) unfortunately, this not achieved. ^([33])

     Monsieur Heinrich Brugsch tried to catch the Graduates of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem at the Egyptian Museum, but Mariette Pasha, the director of the Egyptian Antiquities service and the Egyptian Museum, refused. So the school alumni appointed by order of Khedive Ismail as teachers of German in Amiri (government) Schools. ^([34])The refusal of Mariette Pasha to hire the alumni of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem in the Egyptian Archaeological institution may explain for the bad report of the Swiss inspector of schools Dor Bey in 1872; that the school students not qualified to work in the Egyptian Museum and they suitable for guarding the museum. ^([35]) Another possibility is that Mariette Pasha exploited the bad report for that he didn’t want to give the opportunity for the Egyptians to control on the archaeological institutions, which may effect on the European administration on the field of Archeology in Egypt. Because of their knowledge of Ḥabashīyah, French and German, the Egyptian government ordered in 1289 A.H. / 1872 A.D. to employee seven students of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem, as assistants and translators at Diwan Makatib al'ahlia (the Diwan of the Civil offices) and supplying each one with Monthly salary of 400 piasters.(Table5)  and only three students were remaining to learn at the school. They were Ahmed Naguib Ali Jayid Mohamed Tawfik. Emile Brugsch left Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem in 1872 to join the Egyptian Museum. ^([36])

Table 5:The Government occupations held by the seven alumni of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeemin 1289 A.H. / 1872 A.D.

    (Source:

مجلة روضة المدارس المصرية، س 4، ع 5 (15 ربيع أول 1290 هـ)، ص 256); دار الوثائق القومية – محافظ الأبحاث – المحفظة (64) – الملف (2) – 4 محرم 1288 إلى غرة الحجة 1299هـ -  ص125.

      The teaching staff of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem became five in 1873, ^([37])included Heinrich Brugsch and Mikhail Effendi Nazil Gerges, as well as three of the school graduates, Ahmed Hassan Effendi, as the teacher of French, Hussein Zaki Effendi as the teacher of Germany, and Mohamed Fakhry Effendi as the teacher of hieroglyphic.^([38]) Heinrich Brugsch represented Egypt in several scientific Exhibition of Antiquities such as of Vienna in 1873,^([39]) as a result, he apologized to continue teaching at Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem in 1874. So dīwān almadaris decided to appoint the remaining students of the school in the Telegraph of the Railway in 1874. Mikhail Effendi Nazil Gerges, the teacher of Ḥabashīyah was the last teachers remind to teach at Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem until its cancellation in 1875. ^([40]) Despite the European domination on the field of Egyptology in Egypt, ^([41])and the rejection of Mariette Pasha to appoint the alumni of Madras El Lesan Alqadeem at the Egyptian Museum, ^([42])  later, two of the school graduates, Ahmed Effendi Naguib and Ahmad Kamal Pasha caught Archaeological jobs.

Ahmed kamal pasha (1851-1923)

    The great Egyptian Archaeologist Ahmed Ibn Hassan Ibn Ahmed who well known as Ahmed Kamal, ^([43]) graduated from Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem in 1289 A.H./1872A.D.  He employed as an assistant at Diwan Makatib al'ahlia, and teacher of French, German and math at Mubtadian School. ^([44]) Then he joined other jobs such as an assistant and a translator at the Ministry of Education. ^([45])On 29 November 1881, Ahmed Kamal employed as a secretary-translator at Bulaq Museum by order of Prime Minister Riyad Pasha. ^([46])   in 1881, Ahmed Kamal  became the director and the teacher of Egyptology at Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria. ^([47])Ahmed Kamal promoted to be as an assistant curator in the Egyptian Museum in 1891, ^([48])andcontinued until his retiring in 1914.  ^([49])He gave lectures on Ancient Egypt history on the Higher School Club, in (1906-1908), and at the private Egyptian University in 1908-1909. ^([50]) He chose to be the director of the Egyptology section of Madrasa al-Mu'allimin alkhadiwia (the Khedival Teachers' School) on 1^st October 1910 and also to teach Egyptology with an annual salary of 200 pounds. ^([51])  

     In 1910 Ahmed Kemal Pasha called to establish regional museums in Egypt, which began to be founding in 1913. ^([52])  In August 1923 he has chosen to teach Egyptology at the Higher Teachers' School, but he died. ^([53]) He wrote more than 29 articles in French as reports on his excavations and published it in ASAE. ^([54])Heexcavated at many archaeological sites in Upper, Middle and Lower Egypt such as: In 1900 he carried out excavations at the village of Hiba which situates to the north of Markas Al-Fashn, Beni Suef. He found the ruins of the village door, a height of six m locates at the Northern wall and refers “that the walls of the village which used as a fortress against the attacks of the desert Bedouins". One of the village ruins still also exists is a ruins of a temple constructed by King Shoshenq I, 22nd dynasty to worship the god Amen-Re. He also surveyed the ancient Roman necropolis at Tell Al-Hiba. After seven days of surveying, he discovered some terracotta vases, six Canopic jars bearing the name of god Douamoutef in Hieratic and wooden panel. ^([55])

    On 4th March 1900, Ahmad Kamal Pasha began excavating east of Deir al-Barsha, Mallawi where there is a Necropolis contain many tombs dating back to the 11th and 12th Dynasties, Middle Kingdom. Some of these tombs carved into the mountain and the other built of bricks. The direction of these tombs is to the north-west of the Nile valley. He discovered seven burial shafts, and in four of them was a collection of funerary furniture, such as an alabaster vase, an enamelled bronze semicircular vase, a terracotta vase, a rest of wooden chair, and fragments of a wooden box, limestone and wooden heads of Canopic jars. He also found another burial shaft led to discovering the tomb of Amenemhat, one of the governors of El-Ashmunein province, Middle Kingdom. The shaft of his Tomb was at a depth of seven meters contained ten slabs, wooden Canopic lid as well as, panels seemed removed from two Sarcophagi of Amenemhat. Ahmed Kamal Pasha describes the tomb of Amenemhat that it is a vaulted tomb Consists of a burial chamber for two wooden sarcophagi in various sized. There are hieroglyphics inscriptions in black ink are decorated the large sarcophagus.

       He found on the cover of the large sarcophagi a group of funerary boats, as well as, statuettes of sailors and paddlers. He discovered two cedar wood statuettes of Amenemhat, one of them was wholly damaged and the other a well -preserved; its height of 37 cm, depends on a black pedestal and represents Amenemhat standing, wearing a Shendyt kilt, and holding vases in his hand. He found on the burial chamber several objects such as some cedar wood statuettes, pottery vessel, limestone offering tables, a wooden statuette of Horus, Urseus, a wooden handle, a long dagger, a knife, vases, and remains of a wooden bed.

        On 16th March 1900, Ahmed Kamal discovered another burial shaft; about five meters from the shaft tomb of Amenemhat. It led to the discovery of three vaulted tombs:

         The 1st tomb was a burial of a Female called , in which Ahmed Kamal Pasha discovered a large coffin decorates with hieroglyphic inscriptions. He also found a collection of funerary furniture on the burial chamber such as pottery pot, and two wooden female statuettes, one a well- preserved represents a female with an inlaid eye, curly hair, wearing a dress adorned with lotus flowers. The other statuette almost damaged, and is representing a dwarf woman with rough hands and missing legs. The 2nd tomb was also a burial of a Female; contain neck of a female’s mummy, and collection of funerary furniture such as pottery, a pot and vases.

           The 3rd tomb was a burial of a female called in which Ahmed Kamal found a coffin of a female called , and he noted that the tomb owner usurped the coffin which reused three times. He also found the sarcophagus of the owner with rest of hieroglyphic inscriptions in blue, and a wooden statuette representing a female standing on a pedestal, as well as a collection of funerary objects such as wooden boats, wooden statuettes of sailors, and an Alabaster Canopic lid. He also discovered another burial shaft contains a collection of wooden statuettes of sailors, as well as, a broken hawk's head, which formed an end of a necklace. This shaft led Ahmed Kamal Pasha to discover other three tombs; the most prominent was the burial of Nhry    one of the governors of El-Ashmunein province, Middle Kingdom. Ahmed Kamal Pasha found two coffins and the mummy of the tomb owner as well as, several objects such as a collection of wooden funerary boats, and some females’ statuettes standing on pedestals and carrying offering vases. ^([56])

     In January and February 1901, Ahmed Kamal Pasha returned to excavate at Deir Al Barsha where surveyed thirty vaulted tombs of the princes of Ashmunein. He discovered many funerary objects such as large and small terracotta, Pottery, bronze, Alabaster, rounded and spherical vases, as well as a limestone offering table, and canopic Jars in the form of the four sons of god Horus. He also found two wooden sarcophagi scripted by funerary spells well known as the coffins texts which help the dead on their journey to the afterlife. ^([57]) In 1902 for the third time, Ahmed Kamal excavated at Deir Al Barsha specifically in the northern hill, and his remarkable discovery was an Alabaster offering table which found at an entrance of one of the tombs there. He also excavated in the southeast of Deir al-Barsha in a cemetery locates at the south of Darb-Zebeida where he discovered a limestone statue of a scarab and small baboons statues in a squatting position. ^([58])He has written books and articles in Arabic and French on various subjects, ^([59]) on the ancient Egypt history, Archaeology, and Hieroglyphics, ^([60]) in addition to creating two volumes for the Egyptian museum catalogue, and published many Articles in ASAE. ^([61])

Ahmed Effendi Naguib (1847-1910)

     Ahmed Effendi Naguib was one of the alumni of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem, and in 1882, he appointed as a teacher of History in the Amiry schools.^{( ([62]}Between (1892 -1899), ^([63]) he employed as a general inspector in the Antiquities service. He wrote reports on the some discovered Antiquities such as, of de Morgen and also published several articles in French in ASAE on his Excavations. ^([64])

       On 27th April 1902, He was commissioned by the Antiquities service to write a report on the discovery of fragments of a statue of king Seti II which found in a house in the southeast of a village in Adfih. On 8th May 1902, he wrote his report in French, mentioned that the fragments of the statue discovered with some lime stones are inscribed in Hieroglyphic seems as of sanctuary used for worshipping the ancient deities, Isis, Hathor and Aphrodite. Unfortunately, the stones destroyed because it used to build the house and the statue only sent to the Egyptian museum.     He referred that the statue made of sandstone, the lower part of the statue, a Height of 61 cm base on Rectangular pedestal. It represents King Seti II is kneeling, wearing striped Shendyt kilt and holding Naos with carved images of Isis, Hathor and Aphrodite and there is on the pedestal a cartouche of the titles and names of the King inscribed in hieroglyphics.  ^([65])

     In 1903, a person called Ahmed Abdel-Nabi noticed a statue lying on the ground and surrounded by two men about 2 km from the village of Zaidia near Osim, west of Giza. He suspected in those men who were talking on the value of it.  He quickly informed the Mayor of Zaidia who could capture the statue then reported the Antiquities service which immediately sent Ahmed Naguib to get the statue. Ahmed Naguib examined and wrote a report on the statue; that it is made of granite, a height of 41 cm. It represents a tigress or lioness in Squatting position, directs her head to her small child, a height of 11 cm and length of 30 cm, whose mouth towards his mother's thigh. There is damage in the tigress or lioness's mouth and the claws of the north palm too. The statue does not contain any inscriptions and is in rough carving. It refers that it returns to a non-prosperity period in Egypt. ^([66]) In 1906, Ahmed Naguib discovered a shaft leads to a pipe, 30 cm high in Kom Nakhla Bahria. Unfortunately, it was impossible for Ahmed Najib to enter and inspect the pipe because it blocked by mud. ^([67]) In 1899, He commissioned by the antiquities service to descriptive the caves of Gabel Tura and Al Maasra ^([68]).He retired and left the Egyptian Antiquities service in 1905 as a result of a dangerous illness, ^{( [69])} then he decided to become a journalist and issued a journal named AL- Mandhoum. ^{([70] (}After a struggle with the disease, he died in 1910. ^{([71] )}

Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria (1881-1886)     

    The Ministry of public works approved the suggestion of M. Maspero, the General Director of the Egyptian Antiquities service to establish an Egyptology school affiliate to the Egyptian Museum. ^([72]) It also saw that necessary teaching Egyptians about their ancestors' ancient language and Antiquities. ^([73]) On 16^th October 1881, the Ministry of public works and Monsieur Maspero, the director of Antikhana (Egyptian Museum) had presented a note to the council of Ministry to add five hundred Egyptian pounds to the budget of Antiquities service to be the annual budget of the Egyptology school. He decided to choose a few students to enroll the Egyptology school. He also planned to appoint the school graduates at the Egyptian Antiquities service. ^([74])Indeed, Sheriff Pasha the Prime Minister, ^([75]) decided on 30^th October 1881 adding five hundred Egyptian pounds to the budget of the Antiquities service of 1882 to be the annual budget of the Egyptology school. ^([76])( Table 6)

Table 6: The Budget of 1882 for teaching five students at Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria

(Source:

دار الوثائق القومية - وثائق مجلس النظار والوزراء - أشغال عمومية – [ 035186-0075] - المحفظة   ( 690) – الملف (1) - 16 أکتوبر 1881.

    Maspero had rented a house with Monthly leasing contract in front of the Egyptian Museum to be the residence of Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria. Initially, it was specified 62 £E and 60 Pias to buy the school supplies. Maspero ordered Ahmed Effendi Kamal, the translator in the Egyptian Museum to choose five students and must be from the middle class even not resigning from the antiquities service owing to the fewer salaries.(Table 7)

   The Egyptian Museum requested on 28 December 1881 to open Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria at the beginning of January 1882. ^([77])

Table 7: Names of the 1^st five students chose to enroll Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria in 26 December 1881.

)Source:

 دار الوثائق القومية - وثائق ديوان الأشغال العمومية – [ 022162-4003] - المحفظة ( 932 ) - الملف (9) - يناير 1881 إلى ديسمبر 1882- ص 89.

    In addition to the five students, had found that necessary to add other ten, and some of them should be Copts because they have a good knowledge of the Coptic language, and it becomes easy for them learning hieroglyphics.On 17th April 1882, the Minister of public works sent a Statement of Expenses of the fifteen students to the council of ministry (Table 8).

Table 8: The Budget of 1882 for teaching fifteen students at Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria

(Source:

دار الوثائق القومية – وثائق مجلس النظار والوزراء – أشغال عمومية [ 035154-0075 ] – المحفظة ( 690) – الملف (1) – 17 إبريل 1882/ 29 ديسمبر 1885 / 28 يناير 1886 – ص ص 1، 2.

Table 9: The salaries of the Teaching Staff of Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria

(Source:

دار الوثائق القومية - وثائق مجلس النظار والوزراء - اشغال عمومية -  [ 035187-0075] - المحفظة ( 690 )  الملف (1) - 15 فبراير 1882.

    Maspero had requested to appoint Khalifa Hassan as the geography teacher and the bookkeeper with monthly salary of 1500 piasters Plus the 500 piasters of his salary as the teacher of Math at Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria.^([78]) It determined in the budget of the Antiquities service of 1885 that only six alumni of Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria would appoint as third-degree Archaeological inspectors with annual salaries of 60 Egyptian pounds for each one. They were Diab Tamsah, Ahmed Naguib, Mahmoud Hamdi, Abdel Rahman Fahmy, Hassan Hosni, and Mohammed Chaban.  But on 12^th November 1885, the budget had been revised with adding other five graduates of the school to employ as second- degree Archaeological inspectors with annual salaries of 90 Egyptian pounds for each one. They were Ali Effendi Habib, Ahmed Effendi Yahia, Mohamed Effendi Marzouk, Thaddeus Mfufban, and Ahmad Effendi Thabit. Thus eleven graduates of the school appointed as archaeological inspectors in 1886. ^([79])Unfortunately, later Eugene Grebaut (1886-1892) the director of the  Antiquities service dismissed them. ^([80])  Except three; Mohamed Effendi Chaban and Hassan Effendi Hosni who later get promoted to be a first-degree archaeological inspectors and Mohamed Effendi Fred  who became as an account manager of the Antiquities Service. ^([81])

     On 29^th December 1885, the Minister of public works sent a note to the council of Ministry requesting to cancel the school under the request of Monsieur Maspero's, the director of the Egyptian Museum who reported to the ministry of public works that the students after four years had finished their study at Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia Almasria and they were going to appoint as inspectors at the Archaeological sites. He found the amounts reported in the budget of 1886 of the Antiquities service didn't be allowed to increase the number of Archaeological inspectors. Therefore, he demanded to cancel the school and using its Expenses as salaries for the new jobs in the Ministry of public works. Especially, it established temporarily and was agreed to cancel after the students end their study. ^([82])  On 4^th January 1886, the Ministry of public works sent a note to the Finance Committee of the Ministry for cancelling Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia. ^([83]) On 10th January 1886, Finance Committee of Ministry of public works sent the cancellation note of the school to be ratified by the Prime Minister, ^([84]) and indeed, it cancelled in July 1886. ^([85])

Hassan Effendi Hosny

     Hassan Effendi Hosny was one of the alumni of Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria and appointed as an archaeological inspector in the Egyptian Antiquities service in 1886. He participated in many excavations and led others such as on 4th February 1898, when he was the Archaeological inspector of Qurna, he participated Monsieur Victor Loret, the Director- General of the Antiquities Service, on his excavation at Biban Al-muluk, Luxor that is also known as the Valley of the Kings and contains a collection of Egyptian kings tombs of New Kingdom. On 8th February 1898, Monsieur Victor Loret went to Aswan leaving Hassan Effendi Hosny to complete the excavation who led to the discovery of the tomb KV34 of King Thutmose III, 18th Dynasty.The tomb found carved in rock and situated about 250 meters from the tomb of King Ramses III, Immediately, Hassan Effendi Hosni sent a telegraph to Monsieur Victor Loret to report him on this great discovery. Monsieur Victor Loret returned to Luxor and surveyed the discovered tomb. ^([86])

     In 1903 Hassan Effendi Hosny, as the Archaeological inspector of Luxor surveyed a tomb discovered by the inhabitants of El Kola, north of Nag El-Iwadat, Kouft, Qena governorate. The Antiquities Service had commissioned Him to write a report on the tomb. He described it; that contains an underground limestone burial chamber decorated with an inscription in the red colour. He found sandstone Stela inscribed in demotic at the entrance of the burial chamber. He found inside the burial chamber two sarcophagi; one of them made of grey granite in the shape of human mummy and decorated with inscriptions mentions the name of    . He also found a limestone amulet in the form of a scarab, as well as, a limestone Stela decorated with a scene shows the tomb owner presenting an offering to several deities such as Isis, Osiris, Atom, Hermachis and followed by hieroglyphic inscriptions with the name of the tomb owner. ^([87])

     On 26th December 1903, George Legrain the great archaeologist discovered the cache of Karnak, which contained many statues and stele. ^([88])In 1904, Hassan Effendi Hosny participated George Legrain in the excavation at Karnak. ^([89]) The results were the discovery of a collection of wooden objects such as statues, furniture and chests. ^([90])  In 1905 Hassan Effendi Hosny, the Archaeological inspector of Luxor played a distinguished role in urging the antiquities thieves for recovering of the looted antiquities of Karnak. He succeeded in arresting one of the antiquities dealers at Luxor who called Abdel Hakim Shehata. ^([91])  In August 1907 Hassan Effendi Hosny became the Archaeological inspector of Giza. ^([92])

    On 8th April 1908, Hassan Effendi Hosni participated Mr.Dow Covington in surveying a cemetery extends 1 .5 km west of wady el Kittar, about 28 km to Atfieh and east of the pyramid of Seneferu at Medium. The cemetery contains several grave tombs, as well as burials which contained female and male's adult's bodies without the head and feet. There he discovered a fragment of potsherds, of a small jar, and a small figure represents goddess Nephthys. ^([93])In 1909 Hassan Effendi Hosny excavated at the village of Mit Rahina, El-Badrashin, Giza where he found statuettes date back to the Greco-Roman period. ^([94]) On 10th May 1911, he excavated at the mountain of El-Kena, to the east of Atfih, where discovered thirty-two pits seemed as burial shafts. He dug only twelve and found all were empty except one contained a skeleton. ^([95])

Mohamed Effendi Chaban (1866- 1930)  

     Mohamed Effendi Chaban was one of the alumni of Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria and became an Archaeological inspector in various provinces of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. In 1916, he promoted to be Assistant Curator in the Egyptian Museum and was the second Egyptian held this position after Ahmed Kamal Pasha, the great Archaeologist. ^([96]) He excavated many sits such as in 1899 he excavated at the village of El-Khawaled, Assiut where there is a Necropolis date back to the 19th Dynasty and hides beneath a modern cemetery. An underground tomb was observed by one of the village's natives while burying a member of his relatives, so Mohamed Effendi Chaban went to open and survey it. His results were; that it was a burial of a high official known as Souti     who was a prominent person closed to the king Seti I and the responsible his royal treasury.

     Muhammad Effendi Chaban describes the tomb of Souti as follow; there is a shaft that leads to it. There is an inscription on the lintel and Jambs of the tomb entrance. It consists of a hypostyle hall supported by six limestone pillars. There are engraved religious inscriptions in honour of god Osiris on the left wall of the Hypostyle Hall. The tomb contains several chambers; one of which used for the mummy of Souti who found in a broken black granite coffin decorated with inscriptions. The lid of Souti ’s coffin found in the shaft of the tomb and was decorated with images of the God Osiris, and God Anubis as well as other various gods following by hieroglyphic inscriptions. He found one of the tomb chambers leads to a vault consisting of a corridor, and the other chambers contained bones, as well as, a Mummy skeleton and alabaster Canopic jar. ^([97])  

    In 1902, one of the farmers of Qusayr El-Amarna, Assiut discovered an entrance led to a tomb, immediately the Antiquities service commissioned Mohamed Effendi Chaban to excavate there. His excavation led to the discovery of two tombs carved in rock to the east of Jabal Abu al-Fida and dating back to the 6th Dynasty, Old Kingdom. He reported on the first tomb; that was a burial of a High official known as  Khu-n-wkh. The tomb entrance to the east leads to a burial chamber, a length of 3 m. 9 0 cm and a wide of 1 m. 65 cm, Its wall decorates with a daily life and religious rituals scenes. On the right of the eastern wall of the burial chamber; there are several representations of the tomb owner in various positions such as he appears walking in a garden and holding flowers or standing on a fishing boat and hunting fish and the tomb owner represents in front of Gazelle. There is on the southern wall a niche which a hollow area to put a life-size statue of the tomb owner which carved in rock and represents the Khu-n-wkh standing and wearing a Shendyt kilt and bracelets. On the southern wall of the burial chamber; there is a representation of Khu-n-wkh sitting in front of a table with few flowers followed by inscriptions giving his name and titles. There is also a procession accompanied by women are standing and holding a list of offerings. Another scene represents the tomb owner and his wife sitting to each other. The scenes on the Western Wall of the burial chamber; there is a view of the false door bears the name and titles of the tomb owner. Mohamed Effendi Chaban mentioned that there is a burial shaft in the tomb used to rebury other dead and found it filled with mummies dating back to the Roman period. Many of jewels of these mummies stole. He also found some bones and fruit and terracotta vases.

        The second tomb discovered by Mohamed Effendi Chaban; was a burial of the prince of Pepi-ankh the eldest,  who was one of the sons of King Pepi I, 6th dynasty, Old Kingdom. It situates to the north of the tomb of Khu-n-wkh.  It consists of a pillared vestibule supporting by two Pillars decorated with hieroglyphs inscriptions and to the south of it, there is a burial chamber. In the middle of the southern wall of the hall, there is a depiction of an offering table, and on the western wall of it, a representation of false door contains a view of Pepi-ankh the eldest as well as, his wife and his son following by hieroglyphic inscriptions. There is a burial shaft, a deep of 14m in the tomb used to bury the mummy of tomb owner and his family to put away from the thieves. Mohamed Effendi Chaban found a collection of furniture, as well as, statuettes, which almost destroyed. ^([98])

    In 1901, Mohamed Effendi Chaban began an archaeological survey at the ruins of the ancient city of El-Ashmunein  (Hermopolis Magna), where he found remains of a temple date back to the 19th Dynasty, New kingdom. The temple built by King Merneptah and completed by his son King Seti Merneptah who well known as Seti II. He reported on the temple as follow; that only the pylon of the temple is still existing and consists of two towers, one of which is a less height and the other a Height of 8 m, adorned by  offering scenes making to the god Amen, as well as, god Thoth, the main deity of  Hermopolis Magna. There also ruins of the inner part of the temple which is the nine columns of the Hypostyle Hall. He found to the south of the pylon of the temple of King Merneptah and Seti II, ruins of another pylon date back to the Roman period, as well as, ruins of a chapel returned to the reign of king Amenemhat II, 12th dynasty, Middle Kingdom. He also found ruins of a temple of King Ramses II, and the bases of columns as well as the rest of the temple walls and, a colossal statue at the entrance of the temple; its upper part destroyed and represents King Ramses II. ^([99])  In 1911 Mohamed Effendi Chaban was commissioned to survey a cemetery date back to the Greco-Roman period which locates opposite the village of Qantara, distant 500m to the Suez Canal, and to the east of the Tell of Abu Saif. Its length of 3 km and contains a group of tombs built of red brick and some of it is vaulted. He found more than 19 sarcophagi limestone, Terracotta coffins;  a few of it decorated with inscriptions, and their lids have broken as well as, a few of mummies well-preserved in addition to corrupt bones. He also found a collection of Ushabti statues and statuettes of various deities, as well as, amulets depicted Apis bull, the god Thoth, and the god Horus. ^([100])

 Conclusion

     In 1285 A.H. /1868A.D, Khedive Ismāʿīl Pasha has ordered to establish the 1st Egyptology school in Egypt, Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem (School of the Ancient language), which opened at Bulaq, Cairo in 1869 under the administration of dīwān almadaris. It followed until its cancellation to Madrasa Altajhizia, one of the secondary school established during the reign of Khedive Ismāʿīl. Its Budget had affiliated to the Ministry of Finance. Its students provided with monthly pocket money of 25 piasters, and a ship led by Ahmad Radwan Al-Saqqa, with a monthly salary of 125 piasters, as well as House, Chef, food, teaching tools, and clothes. They did not send at student Missions abroad or appoint after graduation in the Egyptian Museum and the Egyptian Antiquities service. Almost of the school students graduated in 1872 as teachers of French, Germany, Turkish and Math in the Egyptian government schools. The remaining of the school alumni chose to join the school teaching staff. They were Ahmed Hassan Effendi, as the teacher of French, Hussein Zaki Effendi as the teacher of Germany, and Mohamed Fakhry Effendi as the teacher of hieroglyphic. The German Egyptologist Heinrich Brugsch taught at Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem in (1869-1873) and the German Archaeologist Emile Brugsch from 1870 to 1872.  Later, two of the alumni of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem has appointed in the archaeological field. They were Ahmed Kamal pasha who became the assistant curator of the Egyptian museum in 1891 and Ahmed Naguib Effendi as the Archaeological inspector in the Antiquities service in 1892. For the apology of Heinrich Brugsch to continue as the teacher and the director of Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem in 1874, dīwān almadaris decided to appoint the remaining students of the school in the Telegraph of the Railway, and Mikhail Effendi Nazil, the teacher of Ḥabashīyah was the last teachers remind to teach at Madrasa El Lesan Alqadeem until its cancellation in 1875.

     Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria was the 2^nd Egyptology school in Egypt. It had affiliated to Antikhana (Egyptian Museum), established in 1881 and opened in 1882. The annual budget of Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria was 50000 Pias /500£E and increased to 104600 pias / 1,046£E. Fifteen students enrolled in the school and taught math, Arabic, handwriting and Egyptology. When Ahmed Kamal pasha was a translator in the Egyptian Museum, he chose to be the director and the teacher of Egyptology of Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria. At the end of 1885, eleven alumni of Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria appointed as archaeological inspectors, and Most of them dismissed by Eugene Grebaut, the director of the Antiquities service in (1886-1892). Except three, Mohamed Effendi Chaban and Hassan Effendi Hosni who later get promoted to be a first-degree archaeological inspector as well as Mohamed Effendi Fred who became as an account manager of the Antiquities Service. Madrasa Alathar Altarekheia AlMasria cancelled in July 1886 because of the budget of 1886 of the Antiquities service didn't be allowed to increase the number of the Archaeological inspectors.