موقف الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية من الانتخابات البرلمانية الإيطالية أبريل 1948

إبراهيم الألفى, أحمد

doi:10.21608/jlt.2020.141410

	موقف الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية من الانتخابات البرلمانية الإيطالية أبريل 1948
مجلة کلية اللغة العربية بإتاى البارود
Article 19, Volume 33, Issue 8, 2020, Page 9443-9520 PDF (1.77 MB)
Document Type: المقالة الأصلية
DOI: 10.21608/jlt.2020.141410
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Author
أحمد إبراهيم الألفى
کلية التربية – جامعة دمنهور – مصر .
Abstract
يتناول هذا البحث موقف الولايات المتحدة فى مواجهة المد الشيوعى فى سنوات ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية فى إيطاليا، فقد بدأت الأحزاب اليسارية تتزايد قوتها فى إيطاليا، وتهدد بالسيطرة على الحکم. ولذلک حددت الولايات المتحدة أهدافها بأن لا تسمح بسقوط إيطاليا تحت السيطرة الشيوعية، لأن هذا يهدد المصالح الأمريکية فى أوربا والمنطقة بصورة عامة. وبدأت الولايات المتحدة تضع محاور سياستها فى إيطاليا لمنع أحزاب الجبهة الشعبية (الحزب الشيوعى الإيطالى والحزب الاشتراکى الإيطالى) من السيطرة على البرلمان فى انتخابات أبريل 1948، ومن ثم السيطرة على الحکومة. ولهذا بدأت الولايات المتحدة فى تقديم الدعم لحکومة الحزب المسيحى الديمقراطى برئاسة دى جاسبرى De Gasperi والأحزاب السياسية المناهضة للشيوعية، وتمثل هذا الدعم فى المساعدات العسکرية للقوات المسلحة الإيطالية حتى تصبح قادرة على التصدي لأى محاولة شيوعية للسيطرة على الحکم بالقوة. وکذلک کانت أهم مجالات الدعم للحکومة الإيطالية هى المساعدات الاقتصادية خاصة فى ظل ما کانت تعانيه إيطاليا خلال تلک الفترة من مصاعب اقتصادية، فقدمت الولايات المتحدة القروض والمساعدات الغذائية والتسهيلات للحکومة الإيطالية، خاصة خلال فترة الانتخابات. وفى نفس الوقت کان مجلس الأمن القومى الأمريکى يعد الخطط لمواجهة أى محاولة شيوعية لليسطرة على الحکم فى إيطاليا، قبل الانتخابات أو بعدها. بل وضع الخطط فى حالة مشارکة الحزب الشيوعيى فى الحکومة الإيطالية، أو الهيمنة الشيوعية على الحکومة بالوسائل القانونية. فى نفس الفترة عملت الولايات المتحدة على ضمان مساندة فرنسا والمملکة المتحدة لسياستها فى إيطاليا، ودعمهم للحکومة الإيطالية. وشنت الولايات المتحدة حملة دعائية مناهضة للشيوعية، من خلال تشجيع الکنيسة الکاثوليکية على مهاجمة أحزاب الجبهة الشعبية خلال الانتخابات. بل شجعت حملة "رسائل من أمريکا" التى کان يتم من خلالها إرسال الرسائل من الأمريکيين من أصول إيطالية لأقاربهم وأصدقائهم فى إيطاليا لحثهم على التصويت للأحزاب المناهضة للشيوعية. وحاول الحزب الشيوعى ومن ورائه الاتحاد السوفيتى مواجهة التحرکات الأمريکية، ولکن نتائج الانتخابات جاءت فى صالح الأحزاب المناهضة للشيوعية، مما شکل نجاح لسياسة التدخل الأمريکى لمنع المد الشيوعى فى غرب أوربا. U.S. Position on the Italian Parliamentary Elections of April 1948 Ahmed Abd El Sayed Ibrahim El Alfy Department of Social Sciences – Faculty of Education – Damanhour University – Egypt. Email: D_a_abdelsyed@edu.dmu.edu.eg Abstract: The present research investigates the U.S. position in confronting the communist extension in the post-World War II years in Italy, as leftist parties have begun to grow stronger in Italy, threatening to take over complete control of the government. The United States, therefore, set its goals not to allow Italy to fall under communist control, because this threatens American interests in Europe and the region in general. The United States started to set the axes of its policy in Italy to prevent the parties of the Popular Front (Italian Communist Party and Italian Socialist Party) from controlling the parliament in April 1948 elections, and then controlling the government. This is why the United States began to provide support to the Christian Democratic Party government, headed by De Gasperi and the main anti-communist parties. This support was represented in the military aid of the Italian armed forces in order for resisting any communist attempt to control the government by force. Similarly, the most important areas of support for the Italian government were economic assistance, especially in the light of the economic difficulties that Italy was suffering during that period. Hence, the United States provided loans, food aid and facilities to the Italian government, particularly during the election period. At the same time, the US National Security Council was preparing plans to face any communist attempt to control the rule in Italy, before elections or after elections. Additionally, plans are made in case the Communist Party participates in the Italian government or communist domination over the government by legal means. In the same period, the US ensured that France and the United Kingdom supported its policy in Italy, and supported the Italian government. The United States launched an anti-communist propaganda campaign, by urging the Catholic Church to attack the Popular Front parties during the elections. It also encouraged a campaign of “Messages from America,” through which messages from Italian-Americans were sent to their relatives and friends in Italy to urge them to vote for the anti-communist parties. The Communist Party and the Soviet Union tried to counter the American moves, but the election results came in favor of anti-communist parties, which represented a success for the US policy of intervention to prevent the communist extension in Western Europe.
Keywords
الکلمات المفتاحية: الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية; الاتحاد السوفيتى. الکلمات المفتاحية: الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية; الاتحاد السوفيتى. الکلمات المفتاحية: الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية; الاتحاد السوفيتى. الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية; إيطاليا; الحزب الشيوعيى; الاتحاد السوفيتى. USA; Soviet Union. USA; Italy; the Communist Party; Soviet Union


References
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