EFFECT OF SPRAYING CHITOSAN ON
PRODUCTIVITY OF PICUAL OLIVE TREES.
Kasem, M.S.M.* and Heba S.I.M. Fawzy **
*Olive Res. Dept. Hort. Res., Instit. ARC, Giza, Egypt.
**Hort. Dept., Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ. Egypt.
Key Words: Picual olive trees, Chitosan, growth characters and quality
characteristics as well as productivity.
ABSTRACT
Two field trials were carried out during 2018 and 2019 seasons on
Picual olive trees with 10-years old and planted at 6x6 meters apart
propagated by leafy cutting and growing in private farm in Sahel Selim
district-Assiut Governorate. Two and three sprays of chitosan at 250, 500
and 1000 ppm were added to Picual olive trees. To stud the effects of
chitosan on growth, yield as well as physical and chemical properties of
the fruits and fruit oil characteristics.
The results indicated that two and three sprays of chitosan at 250 to
1000 ppm was responsible for improving Shoot length, number of
leaves/shoot as well as total surface area per in the selected tree, nutrients
namely N, P and K in the leaves, leaves or branches as well as decreasing
total acidity %, flowering % and fruit setting aspects namely length of
inflorescence (cm.), number of flowers/ inflorescence, perfect flowers %,
as compared with the check treatment.
The promotion was associated with increasing concentrations from
250 to 1000 ppm spraying of chitosan at two times at the beginning of
vegetative growth, immediately after berry set and after one month
considerably enhanced all growth characters, percentages of N, P, K, Mg
and Ca, yield as well as fruit quality and fruit oil characteristics in
relative to the check treatment.
Under the experimental conditions and resembling regions it is
recommended spraying chitosan at 500 ppm tow times at the beginning
of vegetative growth, immediately after berry setting to improve growth
and yield, physical& chemical characteristics as well as oil& fruit
quality.
INTRODUCTION
The olive fruits are composed of according olive variety about 67%
by weight of water, 23% fat (olive oil), 5% protein, 1% nutrients, the
most important of which are Ca as well as Fe, Vitamins (A)&(D) which
are characterized by the majority of fatty substances, and because it is a
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 1 -15
natural fruit, it also contains vitamins (B) &(C) Alvarez and Datnoff
(2001)
Chitosan compounds play an important role in developmental
processes and some of them have key roles in mechanism leading to
acclimation for changing environments Chitosan has long been known as
a signal molecule in the induction of defense mechanisms in plants
(Raskin, 1992 and Shah, 2003).
There are many compounds that increase the plant's ability to
withstand harsh conditions such as pathological injuries, climatic
changes, increased vegetable and fruit growth and the quality of fruits by
adding some natural substances that do not have any harmful effect on
the health of people, such as chitosan (Blevius and Lukaszweski, 1998).
Recent studies suggest that it also participates in signaling during
abiotic stresses. Previous results suggest that Chitosan could be a
promising compound for the reduction of abiotic stress sensitivity in
plants, since under certain conditions it has been found to mitigate the
damaging effects of various stress factors in plants such as heavy metals,
high temperature, chilling or salinity (Szepesi et al., 2009) by inducing a
wide range of processes involved in stress tolerance mechanisms.
Chitosan influence a number of physiological processes including
flowering, ion uptake and transport, photosynthesis rate and stomatal
conductance (Raskin, 1992).
Previous studies showed that application of chitosan as an
important antioxidant was essential in improving growth and fruiting in
different evergreen fruit crops (Ahmed et al., 2003; Gobara, 2004;
Ahmed et al., 2007 and Badran and Ahmed, 2009).
The increase in the yield and the quality of the fruits is considered
one of the most important qualities needed to increase the economic
income of the Egyptian farmers (Ebeid, 2007; and Ibrahiem and Al-
Wasfy, 2014). The increase in plant tolerance to harsh environmental
conditions helps to increase the economic yield of the olive crop must be
studied and utilized (Martin and Sibbett, 2005; Abdelaal and Oraby
2013 and El- Khawaga and Mansour, 2014).
The amine and –OH groups endow chitosan with many special
properties, making it applicable in many areas and easily available for
chemical reactions. Chitosan is safe, non-toxic and can interact with poly
anions to form complexes and gels Perica et al., (2001).
It is concluded that no risks of acute mineral deficiency occur
during the biennial cycle. Consideration of alternate bearing cycles is
2 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
necessary for optimization of chitosan and N, P, and K application in
olive in order to achieve more efficient production, improved produce
quality, and minimized environmental consequences (Zhang and
Gladyshev 2009).
This study was conducted to examine the beneficial effects of using
chitosan at various concentrations on growth characters, yield as well as
some physical, chemical and fruit oil characteristics of Picual olive trees.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This investigation was conducted two field experiments designed
in complete randomized blocks with 3 replicates during 2018 and 2019
seasons on Picual olive trees with 10-years old and planted at 6x6 meters
apart propagated by leafy cutting and growing in private farm in Sahel
Selim district - Assiut Gov. of, where the soil is clay.
The soil is well drained and the water table is not less than two
meters deep. Soil analysis was done according to Black (1965) and
Chapman and Part (1975) Table (1).
Two and three sprays of chitosan were carried out at 250, 500
and 1000 ppm three times annually, at the beginning of vegetative
growth, immediately after berry setting and after one month later.
All horticultural practices except application of chitosan were done
as usual.
Table (1): Analysis of the soil at the trial location.
Constituents Values
Sand % 4.5
Silt % 15.5
Clay % 80.0
Texture Clay
pH (1:2.5 extract) 7.91
E.C (1: 2.5 extract) (mmhos/ 1 cm 25° C) 1.00
CaCO3 % 1.79
Total N % 0.07
Available P (Olsen method, ppm) 5.1
Available K (ammonium acetate, ppm) 400
The following seven treatments were carried out during the experimental
seasons:
1- Control (untreated trees).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 3
2- Spraying chitosan two times at concentration of 250 ppm at the
beginning of vegetative growth and immediately after berry setting.
3- Spraying chitosan three times at concentration of 250 ppm at the
beginning of vegetative growth, immediately after berry setting and
after one month of berry setting.
4- Spraying chitosan two times at concentration of 500 ppm at the
beginning of vegetative growth and immediately after berry setting.
5- Spraying chitosan three times at concentration of 500 ppm at the
beginning of vegetative growth, immediately after berry setting and
after one month of later.
6- Spraying chitosan two times at concentration of 1000 ppm at the
beginning of vegetative growth and immediately berry setting.
7- Spraying chitosan three times at concentration of 1000 ppm at the
beginning of vegetative growth, immediately after berry setting and
after month later.
Each treatment was three of replicated, one tree per each. Chitosan
(soluble in Ethyl alcohol) was applied two times (growth start and
immediately after the berry setting), three times (the two previous dates
and at one month later). Triton B as a wetting agent at 0.05% was added
to all chitosan solutions.
Generally, the following measurements were recorded during the
two seasons of the study.
1. Leaf area (Leaf area (cm)2 = 0.53 ( length x width ) + 1.66.) as well as
Shoot length (cm.), number of leaves/shoot, length of inflorescence,
number of flower inflorescence and vegetative growth length Ahmed
and Morsy (1999).
2. Chlorophyll a& b and total chlorophylls and total carotenoids (as mg/
100 g F.W.) (Von- Wettstein, 1957). The determined pigments were
expressed as mg- 100g-1 fresh weight of leaf and calculated according
to using the following equations:
Chlorophyll (A) = (9.784 x E.662) - (0.99 xE.644) (mg.g-1 f.w(
Chlorophyll (B) = (21.426 x E.644) (4.65 xE.662) (mg.g-1 f.w)
Carotenoids = (4.495 x E.440) - 0.268 (Chl a + Chl b) (mg.g-1 f.w)
Where: E = Optical density at given wave length (γ).
Total chlorophylls were calculated by summation of chlorophylls a and b
and total carotenoids (mg/ 100 g F.W.)
3. Flowering and fruit setting aspects namely length of inflorescence
(cm.), number of flowers/ inflorescence,
4 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
4. Percentages of N, P, K and Mg in the leaves (Summer, 1985 and
Wilde et al., 1985). A suitable sample (0.5 g) was taken from each
dried leaf and wet digested using a mixture of perchloric acid:
sulphuric acid (1:4 v/v) (Piper, 1950)
5. Yield (kg/ tree); Fruit oil % and oil yield (kg.) / tree. Oil content (%)
was determined by extraction the oil from the dried flesh samples
using the Soxhlet fat extraction apparatus and using petroleum ether
(60-80°C) boiling point as a solvent for about 16 continuous hours and
the percentage of oil on dry weight was calculated (A.O.A.C, 2000).
6. Total acidity % as well as Av. Fruit weight (g.) and Av. Fruit volume
(cm3) (A.O.A.C., 2000).
The experiment was set up in complete randomized block design
with three replicates each was represented with one Picual olive trees.
All the obtained data were tabulated and statistically analyzed
according to Gomez and Gomez (1984) and Mead et al., (1993) using
new L.S.D. at 5% for identifying the significant differences between all
the tested treatments.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1- Effect spraying chitosan on some vegetative growth and
inflorescences characteristics in the leaves:
Data in Table (2) clearly show that foliar application of chitosan
(two or three times) at 250 & 500 as well as 1000 ppm significantly
annually promoting the six growth characters namely vegetative growth
(cm.), leaf area (cm2), shoot length (cm.), number of leaves/ shoot, length
of inflorescence (cm.) as well as number of flowers/ influences rather
than the control. The promotion was associated with increasing
concentrations of sprays chitosan at 500 ppm three times at the beginning
of vegetative growth, immediately after the berry setting and after month
of berry setting. Increasing concentration of spraying chitosan at 500
ppm two times and 1000 ppm two and three times had no significant
promotion on these parameters. The maximum values were recorded on
the trees at Picual olives trees received three sprays of chitosan at 500
ppm. Untreated plants produced the minimum values. Similar trend was
noticed during the two experimental seasons.
These results might be attributed to the positive action of spraying
chitosan on enhancing all division, the biosynthesis of organic foods and
uptake of nutrients (Raskin, 1992).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 5
Table (2): Effect spraying chitosan on some vegetative growth and
inflorescences characteristics of Picual olive variety
during 2018 & 2019 seasons.
Character Leaf area (cm2) Shoot length (cm.)
Chitosan treatments 2018 2019 2018 2019
1- Control 4.13 4.21 19.03 21.09
2- Chitosan at 250 ppm two times 4.30 4.35 20.05 22.13
3- Chitosan at 250 ppm three times 4.35 4.39 21.07 22.18
4- Chitosan at 500 ppm two times 4.39 4.42 22.04 22.22
5- Chitosan at 500 ppm three times 4.48 4.52 23.20 23.27
6- Chitosan at 1000 ppm two times 4.50 4.53 23.22 23.29
7- Chitosan at 1000 ppm three times 4.52 4.55 23.24 23.31
New L.S.D at 5 % 0.24 0.27 1.72 1.91
Character Number of
leaves/shoot
vegetative growth
length (cm.)
1- Control 19.20 20.02 20.94 21.09
2- Chitosan at 250 ppm two times 20.46 21.23 21.98 22.13
3- Chitosan at 250 ppm three times 21.77 22.34 21.93 22.08
4- Chitosan at 500 ppm two times 22.08 23.44 22.68 22.79
5- Chitosan at 500 ppm three times 24.00 25.65 23.05 23.20
6- Chitosan at 1000 ppm two times 24.16 25.70 23.31 23.56
7- Chitosan at 1000 ppm three times 24.75 26.12 23.36 23.66
New L.S.D at 5 % 1.02 1.04 1.18 1.26
Character length of
inflorescence (cm.)
number of flowers/
inflorescence
1- Control 1.91 1.92 18.0 20.0
2- Chitosan at 250 ppm two times 2.01 2.02 20.0 22.5
3- Chitosan at 250 ppm three times 2.12 2.13 22.3 25.0
4- Chitosan at 500 ppm two times 2.23 2.25 25.0 27.0
5- Chitosan at 500 ppm three times 2.34 2.37 28.0 30.0
6- Chitosan at 1000 ppm two times 2.45 2.46 29.0 31.0
7- Chitosan at 1000 ppm three times 2.57 2.57 31.0 33.0
New L.S.D at 5 % 0.17 0.17 3.4 3.5
The maximum values was clear at application of spraying chitosan
as 500 ppm three times at character namely vegetative growth (cm.)
obtained at leaf area (cm2), shoot length (cm.), number of leaves/ shoot,
length of inflorescence (cm.) of height as well as number of flowers/
influences length of inflorescence, initial fruit setting % were observed
on Picual olive cv. Similar results were announced during both seasons.
Spraying chitosan has increased a rich in both organic and nutrients
substances essential for plant growth and stimulates the roots Barranco
et al., (2002).
The essential role of application of spraying chitosan on
stimulating growth and nutritional status in favour of producing greater
fruit retention surely reflected in improving the yield.
Present results are found on agreement with those obtained by
Ahmed et al., (2003); Gobara (2004); Ahmed et al., (2007) and
Badran and Ahmed (2009).
6 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
Table (3): Effect spraying chitosan on chlorophyll, carotenoids (g/
100g F. W.) and leaf mineral content of Picual olive
variety during 2018 & 2019 seasons.
Character Chlorophyll a
(g/ 100 g F.W.)
Chlorophyll b
(g/ 100 g F.W.)
Chitosan treatments 2018 2019 2018 2019
1- Control 4.56 4.62 2.59 2.61
2- Chitosan at 250 ppm two times 4.75 4.80 2.72 2.77
3- Chitosan at 250 ppm three times 4.66 4.73 2.71 2.80
4- Chitosan at 500 ppm two times 4.77 4.84 2.81 2.91
5- Chitosan at 500 ppm three times 4.85 4.92 2.93 3.12
6- Chitosan at 1000 ppm two times 4.91 4.96 2.99 3.16
7- Chitosan at 1000 ppm three times 4.90 4.97 3.04 3.23
New L.S.D at 5 % 0.29 0.35 0.38 0.41
Character Total chlorophylls
(g/ 100 g F.W.)
Total carotenoids
(g/ 100 g F.W.)
1- Control 7.15 7.23 2.15 2.22
2- Chitosan at 250 ppm two times 7.47 7.57 2.28 2.36
3- Chitosan at 250 ppm three times 7.37 7.53 2.32 2.41
4- Chitosan at 500 ppm two times 7.58 7.75 2.43 2.57
5- Chitosan at 500 ppm three times 7.78 8.04 2.51 2.70
6- Chitosan at 1000 ppm two times 7.90 8.12 2.57 2.76
7- Chitosan at 1000 ppm three times 7.94 8.20 2.63 2.89
New L.S.D at 5 % 0.54 0.65 0.18 0.32
Character N % P %
1- Control 1.32 1.49 0.08 0.11
2- Chitosan at 250 ppm two times 1.46 1.64 0.11 0.15
3- Chitosan at 250 ppm three times 1.45 1.60 0.14 0.18
4- Chitosan at 500 ppm two times 1.57 1.72 0.19 0.22
5- Chitosan at 500 ppm three times 1.69 1.87 0.22 0.24
6- Chitosan at 1000 ppm two times 1.71 1.91 0.23 0.25
7- Chitosan at 1000 ppm three times 1.73 1.93 0.25 0.26
New L.S.D at 5 % 0.29 0.18 0.11 0.17
2- Effect spraying chitosan on yield of fruits (kg/ tree):
Yield (kg.)/ tree of to Picual olive trees was significantly
maximized in spraying chitosan at 500 ppm three times at the beginning
of vegetative growth, immediately after the berry setting and after month
of berry setting, (Table 4) relative to the check treatment. Promotion on
the yield was observed due to using spraying of chitosan at 500 ppm
three times, in descending order. Yield was significantly maximized in
the treatment that including the application spraying of chitosan at 500
ppm three times.
Tow sprays with chitosan at 500 ppm at the beginning of vegetative
growth, immediately after the berry setting and one month later give the
economical point of view gave the best results with regard to yield of
Picual olive trees.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 7
3- Effect spraying chitosan on some physical characteristics of the
fruits:
Data in Tables (3 & 4) clearly show that application of spraying
chitosan three times times at 500 ppm at the beginning of vegetative
growth, immediately after berry setting and after month of berry setting
significantly improved fruit quality in terms of increasing on chlorophyll
(a & b) as well as total chlorophylls and total carotenoids (g/ 100 g
F.W.)& decreasing total acidity % comparing with the check treatment.
The promotion was associated with increasing concentration of
application spraying of chitosan at 500 ppm three times. Therefore, the
best results with regard to quality of the fruits from economical point of
view were obtained with using three sprays of chitosan at 500 ppm.
Unfavourable effects on quality of the fruits were observed on untreated
plants. Similar trend was revealed during both seasons.
The promoting effect of chitosan on improving the biosynthesis
and translocation of plant pigments and sugars (Raskin, 1992) could
result in enhancing fruit quality.
4- Effect spraying chitosan at some chemical characteristics on the
fruits:
It is revealed from the data in Tables (4 & 5) that percentages of N,
P, K and Mg in the leaves significantly were maximized in Picual olive
cv. in descending order.
Treating Picual olive cv. with application of chitosan two times at
concentrate 500 ppm three times at the beginning of vegetative growth,
immediately after the berry setting and after month of berry setting had
significant promotion on the leaf pigments and nutrients relative to the
check treatment. Using this treatment gave the maximum values. These
results were true during all seasons.
As application chitosan through spraying increases the efficiency of
N, P, K and Mg absorption, which is reflected in the efficiency in the
roots absorption of mineral elements and water and thus works to modify
the diet of cells that may be disrupted as a result of salinity and drought
Keshavarz et al., (2011).
In this regard, we mention that spraying with chitosan induces the
plant to show physical resistance by creating skin cells coated with
silicates and then pushing the metabolism process to form phenolic
substances and chitinase enzymes that dissolve the fungus fragments, and
this mechanism is called a biochemical barrier. Silicon plays an
important role in increasing the plant's ability to withstand stress Salt and
drought.
8 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
Table (4): Effect spraying chitosan on percentages of potassium &
magnesium; percentage of total acidity as well as fruit
weight (g); fruit volume (cm3) and yield (kg/tree) of Picual
olive variety during 2018 & 2019 seasons.
Character K % Mg %
Chitosan treatments 2018 2019 2018 2019
1- Control 0.47 0.52 0.09 0.12
2- Chitosan at 250 ppm two times 0.54 0.68 0.11 0.20
3- Chitosan at 250 ppm three times 0.61 0.84 0.13 0.22
4- Chitosan at 500 ppm two times 0.83 0.98 0.16 0.29
5- Chitosan at 500 ppm three times 0.97 1.09 0.21 0.37
6- Chitosan at 1000 ppm two times 1.07 1.17 0.24 0.39
7- Chitosan at 1000 ppm three times 1.21 1.34 0.29 0.41
New L.S.D at 5 % 0.22 0.31 0.13 0.21
Character Yield (kg/ tree) Fruit weight (g.)
1- Control 48.7 49.2 4.04 4.10
2- Chitosan at 250 ppm two times 49.3 49.8 4.17 4.24
3- Chitosan at 250 ppm three times 50.6 51.2 4.24 4.32
4- Chitosan at 500 ppm two times 51.3 52.6 4.31 4.37
5- Chitosan at 500 ppm three times 52.4 53.4 4.38 4.41
6- Chitosan at 1000 ppm two times 53.9 54.9 4.42 4.48
7- Chitosan at 1000 ppm three times 54.7 55.8 4.47 4.54
New L.S.D at 5 % 1.12 1.24 0.19 0.27
Character Fruit volume (cm3) Total acidity %
1- Control 5.60 5.90 0.320 0.337
2- Chitosan at 250 ppm two times 5.66 5.96 0.300 0.298
3- Chitosan at 250 ppm three times 5.71 6.02 0.270 0.260
4- Chitosan at 500 ppm two times 5.76 6.08 0.265 0.255
5- Chitosan at 500 ppm three times 5.82 6.18 0.263 0.252
6- Chitosan at 1000 ppm two times 5.85 6.20 0.261 0.250
7- Chitosan at 1000 ppm three times 5.90 6.23 0.259 0.248
New L.S.D at 5 % 0.07 0.05 0.018 0.021
5- Effect spraying chitosan on oil and fruit characteristics:
It is clear from the data in Table (5) that Picual olive cv., spraying
with chitosan at 500 ppm three times at the beginning of vegetative
growth, immediately after the berry setting and after month of berry
setting give the highest values of fruit oil, oil yield/ fed. (kg.)
significantly were followed by increasing of fruit weight and volume and
initial fruit setting % Pulp % but total acidity was had minimum values
from this treatment reducing saturated over the control treatment.
The best results with regard to oil and fruit characteristics quality
of the fruits were obtained spraying chitosan at 500 ppm two times at the
beginning of vegetative growth, immediately after the berry setting and
after month of berry setting. These results were true during both seasons.
The beneficial of spraying of chitosan on stimulating the
biosynthesis of natural hormones, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis,
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 9
biosynthesis of plant pigments and sugars as well as protecting the plants
from various stresses could explain the present results. Chitosan were
responsible for increasing antioxidant defense systems through reducing
reactive oxygen species. Their important role in enhancing cell division
process did not neglect in this respect (Klesiig et al., 2000 and Rao et
al., 2000). These results are in concordance with those obtained by
Eshmawy (2010); Roshdy et al., (2011); Sayed et al., (2011); Hegab
and Hegab (2011) and Al- Wasfy (2013).
Table (5): Effect spraying chitosan on percentages of oil& oil yield
(kg.); initial fruit setting and percentage of pulp of Picual
olive variety during 2018 & 2019 seasons.
Character Fruit oil % Oil yield (kg.)
Chitosan treatments 2018 2019 2018 2019
1- Control 13.54 13.58 7.6 9.2
2- Chitosan at 250 ppm two times 14.12 14.17 8.8 11.6
3- Chitosan at 250 ppm three times 14.23 14.28 9.9 12.9
4- Chitosan at 500 ppm two times 14.33 14.37 10.8 13.1
5- Chitosan at 500 ppm three times 14.46 14.52 12.9 15.3
6- Chitosan at 1000 ppm two times 14.48 14.56 13.5 16.4
7- Chitosan at 1000 ppm three times 14.49 14.61 14.2 17.3
New L.S.D at 5 % 0.81 0.92 0.82 1.04
Character Initial fruit
setting %
Pulp %
1- Control 19.7 19.9 81.90 85.53
2- Chitosan at 250 ppm two times 21.0 20.8 83.81 85.74
3- Chitosan at 250 ppm three times 22.3 22.7 87.62 88.80
4- Chitosan at 500 ppm two times 23.6 23.9 88.97 90.30
5- Chitosan at 500 ppm three times 26.0 26.7 90.77 92.67
6- Chitosan at 1000 ppm two times 26.4 26.9 90.82 92.80
7- Chitosan at 1000 ppm three times 27.2 27.7 91.88 93.95
New L.S.D at 5 % 1.4 1.6 0.73 1.26
Chitosan was found by Sauvas et al., (2002) and Melo et al.,
(2003) to enhance the tolerance of fruit crops to biotic and abiotic
stresses, the biosynthesis of organic foods, uptake of water and nutrients
and the formation of double layers on plant tissues .
These results are in agreement with those obtained by Ebeid (2007)
; Ahmed et al., (2009) who worked on chitosan, El- Badawy and Abd
El-Aal (2013) and Fathalla (2013) who worked on amino acids.
CONCLUSION
Under the experimental conditions and resembling regions it is
recommended spraying chitosan at 500 ppm tow times at the beginning
of vegetative growth, immediately after berry setting to improve growth
and yield, physical& chemical characteristics as well as oil& fruit
quality.
10 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
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"تأثير رش الشيتو ا زن عمى إنتاجية أشجار الزيتون البيکوال"
مصطفي صابر محمود قاسم*، هبة فوزي سعيد اب ا رهيم**
* قسم بحوث الزيتون، معيد بحوث البساتين، مرکز البحوث الز ا رعية ، الجيزة ، مصر.
** قسم البساتين – کمية الز ا رعة – جامعة المنيا - مصر
ىناک العديد من المرکبات التي تزيد من قدرة النبات عمى تحمل الظروف القاسية مثل
الإصابات المرضية والتغي ا رت المناخية وزيادة نمو الخضار والفاکية وجودة الثمار عن طريق
إضافة بعض المواد الطبيعية التي ليس ليا أي تأثير ضار عمى الصحة العامة مثل الشيتو ا زن.
أقيمت تجربتان حقميتان عمى أشجار الزيتون صنف بيکوال عمرىا 01 سنوات فى مزرعة
8102 م، تم رش ، 6 متر خلال موسمي الد ا رسة 8102 × خاصة بأسيوط منزرعة عمى أبعاد 6
،511 ، أشجار الزيتون صنف البيکوال بواقع مرتين وثلاث م ا رت بمادة الشيتو ا زن بمعدل 851
0111 جزء في المميون.
رکزت ىذه الد ا رسة عمى التأثي ا رت المختمفة لرش مادة الشيتو ا زن عمى النمو الخضري
والمحصول وکذلک الخصائص الفيزيائية والکيميائية لثمار اشجار الزيتون صنف البيکوال.
ان معاممة اشجار الزيتون صنف البيکوال بواقع رشتين وثلاث من مادة الشيتو ا زن بمعدل
851 إلى 0111 جزء في المميون کان لو عظيم الاثر في تحسن نمو الاشجار وارتفاعيا وزيادة
إجمالي مساحة السطح الکمية لکل شجرة ، والعناصر الغذائية متمثمة في النيتروجين والفوسفور
14 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
والبوتاسيوم والعناصر الصغري في الاو ا رق والثمار، فضلاً عن خفض نسبة الحموضة الکمية
مقارنةً بمعاممة الکونترول
اشارت نتائج الد ا رسة الي أنو بزيادة الترکي ا زت التي تم رشيا من مادة الشيتو ا زن من 851
إلى 0111 جزء في المميون مرتين في بداية النمو الخضري ، مباشرة بعد العقد وبعد شير واحد
ادي الي تحسن في جميع خصائص النمو بشکل کبير ونسب العناصر الغذائية والمحصول
وجودة الثمار کما ونوعا بالمقارنة بالکونترول.
تم الحصول عمى أفضل النتائج فيما يتعمق بالمحصول وجودة الثمار من خلال معاممة
أشجار الزيتون صنف البيکوال بالرش بمادة الشيتو ا زن مرتان بمعدل 511 جزء في المميون في
بداية النمو الخضري ، مباشرة بعد عقد الثمار الي تحسن واضح في کمية المحصول کماً ونوع اً
مما ادي لمحصول عمي محصول اقتصادي.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 15
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