ROLE OF FILTER MUD, AMINO ACIDS, ACTIVE
YEAST AND SEAWEED EXTRACT IN
ENHANCING GROWTH AND SOME CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS OF KHAYA SENEGALENSIS
SEEDLINGS
Abo-Quta, W.M.H.*; A.F. Ali *; A.A. Ahmed** and E.H. Amer*
* Dept. Horticulture, Fact. Agric., Al-Azhar University, Assyut, Egypt.
** Woody trees Res. Dept., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.
Key Words: Khaya senegalensis, filter mud, amino acids, active yeast
and seaweed extract.
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out at the experimental Farm, Faculty of
Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, during the two successive seasons
of 2018 and 2019 aiming to study the influence of filter mud as organic
manure stimulant substances namely (amino acids {tryptophan +
methionine}, active yeast and seaweed extract), as well as, their Interactions
on plant growth traits and chemical constituents of Khaya (Khaya
senegalensis) seedlings. The soil of Khaya seedlings was supplied with filter
mud at 0, 18, 36 and 54 g/bag and the seedlings were sprayed with stimulant
substances, whereas the treatments of these materials were: control, amino
acids at 100 ppm, active yeast at 5 g/l, seaweed extract at 3 ml/l, amino acids
+ active yeast, seaweed + active yeast, amino acids + seaweed extract and
amino acids + active yeast + seaweed extract. The obtained results indicated
that applying filter mud at all levels led to a significant increase in vegetative
growth traits (stem length, stem diameter, leaves dry weight / seedling and
stem dry weight / seedling) as well as , the elements of N, P and K %, except
for the low level of filter mud (18 g/bag), in some cases. the highest values
of these parameter were detected when adding filter mud at the high level
(54 g /bag). Foliar spray with the examined stimulant Substances, in many
cases, either separately or mixed resulted a significant augment in the
studied traits. Clearly, bitter results were noticed by treating the seedlings
with the triple combined treatment (amino acids + active yeast + seaweed
extract) and the double combined treatment (amino acids + seaweed
extract). the most of combined treatments significantly increased the growth
traits and N, P and K %. Obviously, the most effective combined treatments
of examined characters, in many cases were detected from supplying the
seedlings with the high level of filter mud ( 54 g/bag ) followed by filter
mud at the moderate one ( 36 g/ bag ) in combination with the triple
combined treatment (amino acids + active yeast + seaweed extract) and the
double combined treatment (amino acids + seaweed extract).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 16 -41
INTRODUCTION
Khaya (khaya senegalensis A. Juss) belongs to family Meliaceae it is
one of very important woody trees it is semi evergreen and native to tropical
west Africa it grows well in upper Egypt as shade and avenye tree. The
wood is hard, heavy and durable and it can be easily manufacture, varnished,
and glued It is used in furniture , manufacture, musical instruments, lumber
works, boxes, carts, plywood, veneers ships and boots (Badarn et al. 1978
and El-Hadidy and Boluos, 1979). Filter mud is one of organic fertilizers,
it is a local organic manure and it is useful in stimulating the growth and
productivity.
Organic agriculture is based on minimizing the application of
external inputs and avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides
(Galal and Ali, 2004). Organic manures canable promoting microbial
biomass (Suresh et al. 2004). Also, Douda et al. (2008) emphasized that
organic manures can serve as alternative to mineral fertilizers for improving
the soil structure.
Many researchers studied the positive effect of organic fertilization on
plant growth and chemical constituents of some woody trees such as, Ali et
al.(2001) and El- Sayed and Abdou (2002) on khaya senegalensis, Ali et
al. (2002), Ahmed et al. (2006) and Mahmoud (2014) on Populus sp.,
Wroblewska et al. (2009) on salix purpurea, William et al. (2012), Abou
El- Makarem (2016) and Hussein (2019) on Moringa, Ali et al. ( 2019)
and Abdullatif (2019) on coriander, Ali et al. (2020), Abd El- Raheem
(2020) on Taxodium distichum and (Abdullatif 2019) on coriander.
Amino acids as organic nitrogenous compounds are the building
blocks in synthesis of protein. They can stimulate cell growth and protect the
plants from ammonie toxicity (Smith, 1982). The role of amino acids in
enhancing the growth of some plants was examined by many authors such
as, Ali et al. (2006) and Yassen et al. (2010) on anise, Attoa et al.(2002) on
Iberis amara, Abd El- Aziz et al. (2010) on Thuja orientalis, Ahmed et al.
(2011) on Hibiscus sabdariffa, Abd El- Rahman et al. (2008) on Fennel,
Al- Qubia (2012) on Helianthus annus and Aly et al. (2014) on Kapok, Ali
et al. (2016) and Abd El- Rahman(2016) on chamomile. As for the
stimulating influence of amino acids on some chemical constituents of
plants have to be discussed by many workers such as Abd El- Aziz et al.
(2010) on Thuja orientalis, Talaat (2005) on pelargonium gravedens,
Yassen et al. (2010) on anise, Ali and Hassan (2013) on Tagetes erecta,
Abd El- Rahman et al (2008) on fennel, Abd El- Rahman (2016) on
chamomile and Abdullatif (2019) on coriander.
The application of active yeast extract (saccharomyces cerveace) as
bio-stimulant is important for horticultural plants to obtain high quality and
quantity of products whereas yeast contains nutritional elements, organic
compounds and natural hormones. The capability of active yeast on
17 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
improving the growth and some chemical constituents was declared by
many investigators such as (Ahmed et al. 1997) and Akl et al. (1997) on
grape vine, Ahmed et al.( 1998) on Hisbiscus Sabdariffa, Ali (2001) on
calendula officinalis, Ahmed (2002) on Leucaena lcucocephala, Ahmed
(2014) on Kapok and Ali et al.( 2020) on Taxodium distichum.
Seaweed extracts contain phytohormones (gibberellins, IAA and
cytokinins) macro and Micronutrients as Will as, organic substances like
vitamins, Amino acids and fatty acids (Chapman and Chapman, 1980) the
addition of seaweed extract augment the uptake of nutrients from the soil
(Verkij, 1992 and Turan and Kose, 2004) and Promotes the growth and
yield (Ramarao, 1991). Farthermore, (Zhang 2000) claimed that seaweed
extract enhances tolerance to environmental stress. The enhancement in the
growth and chemical constituents of some tress was insured by many
authors such as Hegab et al.( 2005) and Hassan (2008) on Balady Orange,
Gamal (2006) and Ahmed et al.(2008) on washingtonia navel orange trees,
Ismail et al .(2011) on Bitter orange seedlings, Abdel - Aal et al.( 2012) on
Balady Mandarin, Haggag et al. (2014) on olive seedlings, A-Rawi et al.
(2016) on peach El- Salhy et al. (2017) on Balady Mandrin Hamed (2017)
on anise, Ali et al. (2018) and Farghly (2018) on Kapok tree seedlings.
The objective of this investigation was examine the influence of
filter mud as organic fertilizer and bio stimulant substances (amino acids
[Tryptophan and methionine], active yeast and seaweed extract), as well as
their interactions on plant growth and some chemical constituents of khaya
senegalnsis seedlings to find out the most suitable treatment for enhancing
these traits.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Fac.
of Agric., Al-Azhar Univ., Assiut, during the successive seasons of 2018
and 2019 to determine the effect of filter mud as organic manure and
stimulant substances, as well as, their interactions on plant growth and
chemical constituents of Khaya (Khaya Senegalensis) seedlings. A split
plot design with three replicates was used in this experiment. Organic
fertilization treatments considered the main plots (A) while stimulant
substance treatments were the sub-plots (B). Khaya (Khaya Senegalensis)
seedlings were obtained from Hort. Res. Inst., Giza, Egypt.
One year old of Khaya seedlings, healthy and uniform, average
seedling length was 24 – 26 cm. and 0.50 – 0.53 cm. diameter for both
seasons, respectively. The seedlings were planted on March 7th for the
two seasons in polyethylene bags (25*30 cm.).
Each bag was filled with 10 Kg of loamy soil and contained one
seedling. Each replicate contained 5 seedlings. Chemical properties of the
soil used were determined according to Jackson (1973) and are shown in
table (1). Filter mud was obtained from Sugar and Integrated Industries
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 18
Company, Nag Hammadi, Egypt. Chemical properties of filter mud were
determined according to Black et al., (1965) and are shown in table (2).
Filter mud levels were 0, 18, 36 and 54 g/bag and added with the soil
before planting the seedlings. Stimulant substances treatments were
control, amino acids (tryptophan and methionine) at 100 ppm, active
yeast at 5 g/l, seaweed extract at 3 ml/l, amino acids + active yeast,
seaweed extract + active yeast, amino acids + seaweed extract and amino
acids + active yeast + seaweed extract. Algeser product contains seaweed
extract, chemical properties of seaweed extract were shown in table (3).
These substances were applied as foliar spray three times at two weeks
interval starting April 27th of the two season, one day period was allowed
between spraying these stimulant substances. All other agricultural
practices were followed as usual. At the end of the experiment (the first
week of November) for both seasons, the following data were recorded:
stem length (cm.), stem diameter (cm.), leaves dry weight (g)/seedling,
stemdry Also, the three examined elements (N, P and K) % were
estimated in the dried leaves as follows: Nitrogen (%) was determined
according to the method of modified micro Kjeldahl as described by
Wilde et al. (1985). Phosphorus (%) was estimated colorimetrically
according to Chapman and Pratt (1975). And Potassium (%) was
determined by Flame photometer according to Cottenie et al. (1982).
The obtained data were tabulated and statistically analyzed according to
MSTATE-C (1986) using L.S.D. at 5% to know the differences among
all treatments according to Mead et al. (1993).
Table (1): The physical and chemical properties of the used Soil
(Average for the two seasons).
Texture
PH
(1:2.5)
E.C.
(m.mohs
/cm)
CaCo3
%
O.M
%
Total
N
%
Available
P
ppm
K
(mg/100g soil(
Loamy 7.5 2.03 2.25 0.54 0.10 0.15 3.1
Table (2): Chemical characteristics of filter mud applied in this
experiment. (Average for the two seasons).
Content Compost (plant residues)
Total nitrogen % 2.85
Total phosphorus % 2.3
Total potassium% 0.75
Zn ppm 110
Mn ppm 295
Fe ppm 4560
Cu ppm 193
E.C.(ds /m) 3.5
Organic matter % 35.0
C : N Ratio 8.3
Organic carbon % 23.6
PH 7.3
19 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
Table (3): Chemical properties of seaweed extract used in the present
study.
Characteristics Value
Moisture % 6.0
Organic matter % 45 – 60
Inorganic matter % 45 – 60
Carbohydrates % 35 – 50
Protein % 6 – 8
Mannitol % 4 – 7
Aliginic acid 10 – 20
Total N % 1 – 1.5
Total P % 0.02 – 0.09
Total K % 1 – 1.2
Ca % 0.2 – 1.5
Mg % 0.5 – 0.9
S % 3 – 9
Zn ppm 10 – 100
Mn ppm 5 – 12
Fe ppm 50 – 200
Cu ppm 1 – 6
B ppm 20 – 100
Mo ppm 1 – 5
IAA % 0.03
Cytokinine % 0.02
IBA % 0.01
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Stem length:
The presented data in table (4) revealed that supplying khaya
seedlings with organic manure as filter mud at all levels led to a
significant increase in stem length as compared to the check treatment
during the two experimental seasons. Significant differences among all
filter mud levels in both seasons were detected, except for between the
high and moderate levels, during the two seasons. Therefore better results
of stem length were obtained from using the moderate level (36
g/seedling) which increased it by 27.2% and by 28.5% over the check
treatment, in the first and second seasons, respectively.
The increscent of stem length as a result of applying organic
manure was also reported by Ali et al. (2001) and El-Sayed and Abdou
(2002) on khaya senegalansis seedling William et al (2012), Abou – El-
Makarem (2016) and Hussien (2019) on moringa and Ali et al(2020)
and Abd El-Raheem (2020) on Taxodium distichum seedling.
In regard to stimulant substance treatments, data in table (4)
cleared that all of them, except for amino acids treatment in both seasons
caused a significant augment in stem length comparing to untreated ones.
The use of triple combined treatment (amino acids + active yeast +
seaweed extract) and double combined treatment (amino acids+ seaweed
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 20
extract) gave the longer stems reached 31.6%, 24.8%, 24.5% and 18.9%
over no sprayed plants, during the two seasons, respectively.
Table (4): The influence of filter mud level, amino acids, active yeast
and seaweed extract on stem length (cm.) of khaya
senegalensis seedlings during the two season of 2018 and
2019.
First season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 90.7 93.0 107.0 112.3 100.8
Amino acids
100 ppm
95.3 100.3 117.5 120.1 108.3
Active yeast 5 g/L 99.3 110.6 129.3 135.0 118.6
Seaweed extract 3ml/L 95.0 105.3 130.0 137.6 117.0
Amino acids + Active
yeast
100.5 115.0 125.8 129.5 117.7
Seaweed extract+ Active
yeast
96.3 118.5 131.0 133.0 119.7
Amino acids + Seaweed
extract
105.0 120.3 132.5 144.9 125.7
Am. acids + Ac. yeast +
Seaweed extract
114.0 126.0 140.0 150.7 132.7
Mean (A) 99.5 111.1 126.6 132.9
L.S.D (0.05) A= 7.1 B= 10.4 AB= 20.7
Second season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 85.1 97.0 111.4 115.2 102.2
Amino acids100 ppm 86.0 94.3 115.3 127.0 105.7
Active yeast 5 g/L 96.0 106.4 125.0 130.5 114.5
Seaweed extract 3ml/L 95.5 108.0 120.0 133.0 114.1
Amino acids + Active
yeast
105.0 110.7 122.5 136.7 118.7
Seaweed extract+ Active
yeast
103.7 122.0 130.4 138.0 123.5
Amino acids + Seaweed
extract
100.0 108.7 135.6 141.7 121.5
Am. acids + Ac. yeast +
Seaweed extract
105.5 120.0 138.0 145.1 127.2
Mean (A) 97.1 108.4 124.8 133.4
L.S.D (0.05) A= 10.8 B= 9.5 AB= 19.0
The promoting effect of amino acids on stem length was also
insured by Attoa et al (2002) on Iberis amara, Abd El-Azziz et al
.(2010) on Thuja orientalis, Al-Qubia (2012) on Helianthus annus
Mustafa and Ebeid (2013) on Albizza lebbekand and Taxodium
distichum and, Aly et al (2014) on Kapok seedlings .
The stimulating effect of active yeast on stem length was also
demonstrated by Ahmed (2002) on Leucaena lencucephala, Ali (2001)
on calendula officinalis, Al- Qubaie (2002) on rue and Ahmed (2014)
on Kapok seedlings.
21 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
The role of seaweed extract in increasing stem length was also
revealed by Haggag et al. (2014) on olive seedlings, Hassan (2015) on
dill, Hamed (2017) on anise, Akila and Jeyadoss (2010) on Helianthus
annus, Ali et al. (2018) and Farghaly (2018) on Kapok.
As for the interaction, it was significant effect on stem length of
khaya during the two growing seasons (table 4). It is obvious that the
addition of most of combined treatments resulted a significant augment
in stem length, in both seasons, as compared to untreated plants. The
most effective treatments in increasing such parameter were detected
when using filter mud at the high level (54 g/seedling) in combination
with triple combined (amino acids + active yeast + seaweed extract)
followed by amino acids + seaweed extract or seaweed + active yeast and
the moderate level (36 g/seedling) with the same three previous
combined treatments in comparisons with other combination treatments
during the two growing seasons.
Stem diameter:
The given results in table (5) showed that receiving khaya seedlings
filter mud at all levels, in both seasons except for the low level (18
g/seedling) in the second seasons led to a significant increase in stem
diameter as compared to unfertilized ones. Such parameter was gradual
significantly augmented with increasing filter mud level in both seasons,
therefore, the thicker plants were obtained when treating khaya seedlings
with filter mud at the high level (54 g/seedling) as ranged 24% and 18.8 %
over the check treatment in the first and second seasons, respectively.
The capability of organic manure on augmenting stem diameter was
also obtained by Ali et al. (2001) and El-Sayed and Abdou (2002) on
khaya senegalansis, Abou - El-Makarem (2016) and Hussein (2019) on
moringa and Ali et al (2020) and Abd El-Raheem (2020) on Taxodium
distichum seedling .
Concerning stimulant substance treatments, the data postulated that
foliar spray with the examined substances either double or triple combined
treatments, in both seasons, resulted a significant increase in stem diameter
comparing to no sprayed plants. The application of triple combined
treatment (amino acids+ active yeast+ seaweed extract) and double
combined treatment (amino acids+ seaweed extract) or (seaweed extract+
active yeast) registered better results of stem diameter, in both seasons.
These above superior treatments increased such trait by 33.8, 28.3 and by
22.5 % in the first seasons and by 34.5, 30.2 and by 25 % in the second one
over control for the two seasons, respectively.
The enhancement of stem diameter due to amino acids have been
emphasized by Abd El-Azziz et al. (2010) on Thuja orientalis, Aly et al
(2014) on Kapok seedlings, Al-Qubia (2012) on Helianthus annus and
Mustafa and Ebeid (2013) on Albizza lebbekand and Taxodium distichum .
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 22
Table (5): The influence of filter mud levels, amino acids, active yeast
and seaweed extract on stem diameter (cm.) of khaya
senegalensis seedlings during the two season of 2018 and
2019.
First season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 1.36 1.41 1.48 1.53 1.45
Amino acids 100ppm 1.40 1.42 1.50 1.52 1.46
Active yeast 5ml/L 1.45 1.49 1.55 1.76 1.56
Seaweed 3m/L 1.36 1.44 1.60 1.85 1.56
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
1.50 1.72 1.86 1.90 1.75
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
1.43 1.77 1.93 2.00 1.78
Amino acids + Seaweed 1.68 1.83 1.90 2.03 1.86
Am. acids + Ac.yeast +
Seaweed
1.77 1.83 1.95 2.22 1.94
Mean (A) 1.49 1.61 1.72 1.85
L.S.D (0.05) A= 0.05 B= 0.17 AB= 0.33
Second season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 1.32 1.34 1.43 1.45 1.39
Amino acids 100ppm 1.39 1.44 1.47 1.53 1.46
Active yeast 5ml/L 1.46 1.45 1.57 1.54 1.51
Seaweed 3m/L 1.44 1.46 1.54 1.70 1.54
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
1.48 1.54 1.79 1.77 1.65
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
1.50 1.72 1.82 1.91 1.74
Amino acids + Seaweed 1.64 1.70 1.86 2.05 1.81
Am. acids + Ac.yeast +
Seaweed
1.69 1.79 1.84 2.17 1.87
Mean (A) 1.49 1.56 1.67 1.77
L.S.D (0.05) A= 0.08 B= 0.16 AB= 0.32
Concerning active yeast Ahmed (2002) on Leucaena
lencucephala, Ahmed (2014) on Kapok seedlings, Hanafy et al .(2012)
on Schefflera arbricola while Al- Hchami (2013) on peach transplants,
Haggag et al. (2014) on olive seedlings, Al- Rawi et al. (2016) on Peach,
Hamed (2017) on aniseand Farghaly (2018) on Kapok seedlings for
seaweed extract.
According to the combined effect between the two studied
factors, the listed data in table (5) cleared that is was statistically
significant on stem diameter during the two consecutive seasons. The
addition of most of combined treatments in both seasons, resulted a
significant augment in such trait comparing to untreated plants.
Obviously, the most effective treatments were obtained by applying
either the high level of filter mud (54 g/seedling) and the moderate level
23 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
of filter mud (36 g/seedling) in combination with (amino acids+ active
yeast+ seaweed extract) or (amino acids+ seaweed extract) in comparison
with those obtained by other combination treatments, during the two
growing seasons.
Leaves dry weight/ seedling:
The obtained data in table (6) indicated that leaves dry weight/
seedling of khaya seedlings was significantly increased, in both seasons,
due to applying organic manure as filter mud at all levels, comparing to
the check treatment. Clearly, significant differences among all filter mud
levels in both seasons, except for between the high and moderate levels
in the first season were observed. Therefore, the use of filter mud at the
moderate level in the first season gave the heaviest leaves dry weight
reached 43.7 over untreated plants. While, in the second season the
heaviest weight of such trait was noticed by applying the high level of
filter mud as ranged 43.2 % over control.
The increaments of leaves weight due to the application of
organic manure have been reported by Ali et al (2001) and El-Sayed,
and Abdou (2002) on khaya senegalansis, Abou - El-Makarem (2016)
on moringa, Ali et al (2020) and Abd El-Raheem (2020) on Taxodium
distichum seedling .
With respect to stimulant substance treatments, the registered
results in table (6) indicated that spraying khaya seedlings with all the
three studied substances, in both seasons, either alone or to together
resulted a significant augment in leaves dry weight/ seedling as compared
to no sprayed plants. Obviously, the heaviest leaves dry weight/ seedling
was obtained as a result of adding the triple combined treatment (amino
acids+ active yeast+ seaweed extract) reached 40.6 and 35.6 % over
control, during the two seasons, respectively.
The role of stimulant substances in augmenting leaves weight was
also discussed by Talaat et al. (2005) on Catharanthus roseus, Abou
Dahab and Abd El - Aziz (2006) on Philodenvron erubescens, Shehata
et al. (2011) on Celeriac, Mustafa and Ebeid (2013) on Albizza
lebbekand and Taxodium distichum, Aly et al. (2014) on Kapok
seedlings. Regarding to amino acids, Al-Qubia (2012) on roselle, El-
Sherbeny et al. (2007) on rue, Ahmed (2014) on Kapok seedlings and
Ali et al. (2020,) on Taxodium distichum. Concerning to active yeast and
Akila and Jeyadoss (2010) on Helianthus annus, Shhehata et al. (2011)
on Apium graveolens, Ali et al. (2018) and Farghaly (2018) on Kapok
seedlings for seaweed extract.
The interaction between the two examined factors on leaves dry
weight/ seedlings of khaya had significant effect during the two
experimental seasons (table 6). Such trait was significantly increased due
to applying the most of combined treatments, during the two growing
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 24
seasons. Apparently the use of filter mud at the high level (54 g/
seedling) with the triple combined treatment (amino acids+ active yeast+
seaweed extract) or (seaweed extract+ active yeast) or (amino acids+
seaweed extract) proved to be more effective in increasing leaves dry
weight than those obtained by other combination treatments, during the
two consecutive seasons.
Table (6): The influence of filter mud evel, amino acids, active yeast
and seaweed extract on stem diameter (cm.) of khaya
senegalensis seedlings during the two season of 2018 and
2019.
First season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 35.0 45.5 48.4 51.1 45.0
Amino acids100ppm 38.3 44.8 58.4 65.0 51.6
Active yeast 5ml/L 37.0 51.3 55.2 62.3 51.5
Seaweed 3m/L 43.4 45.9 59.5 57.3 51.5
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
44.7 47.0 59.1 54.9 51.4
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
42.3 53.3 61.8 68.2 56.4
Amino acids
+ Seaweed
41.6 50.6 63.0 66.5 55.40
Am. acids + Ac.yeast +
Seaweed
45.3 62.9 66.0 78.9 63.3
Mean (A) 41.0 50.2 58.9 63.0
L.S.D (0.05) A= 4.9 B= 6.3 AB= 12.7
Second season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 33.0 40.5 43.7 47.8 41.3
Amino acids 100ppm 36.1 42.7 49.4 57.9 46.5
Active yeast 5ml/L 37.9 48.6 53.6 57.3 49.3
Seaweed 3m/L 41.2 44.7 58.3 55.9 50.0
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
43.7 46.8 56.7 56.1 50.8
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
40.9 50.2 55.4 60.8 51.8
Amino acids
+ Seaweed
43.5 47.5 55.6 58.0 51.1
Am. acids + Ac.yeast
+ Seaweed
43.3 56.2 59.4 65.0 56.0
Mean (A) 40.0 47.2 54.0 57.3
L.S.D (0.05) A= 2.7 B= 4.9 AB= 9.7
Stem dry weight/ seedling:
Illustrated data in table (7) cleared that fertilizing khaya seedlings
with organic manure as filter mud at all levels in both seasons ,caused a
significant augment in stem dry weight/ seedling as compared to the
check treatment. Apparently, the difference among all levels of filter mud
25 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
were significant except for between the low and moderate levels in the
second season. The use of the high level of filter mud (54 g/seedling)
gave the heaviest stem dry weight/ seedling reached 76.9 and 61.7% over
control in the first and second seasons, respectively.
The positive effect of organic manure on stem weight was also
revealed by Ali et al.(2001) and El-Sayed and Abdou (2002) on khaya
senegalansis seedling, Ahmed et al (2006) on populous nigra and Ali et
al.(2020) and Abd El-Raheem (2020) on Taxodium distichum seedling .
In connection, data in table (7) showed that stem dry weight/
seedling of khaya was significantly increased, during the two seasons,
due to foliar spray with the combined treatments (amino acids+ active
yeast+ seaweed extract), (amino acids+ seaweed extract) and (seaweed
extract+ active yeast), as well as, the single treatment (amino acids) in
comparison with no sprayed ones. From the obtained results, it could be
noticed that the utilization of the triple combined treatment (amino acids
+ active yeast+ seaweed extract). Proved to be more effective in
increasing stem dry weight/ seedling, in both seasons, as compared to no
sprayed plants. This superior previous treatment increased such trait by
60 and by 55 % over check treatment, during the two experimental
seasons, respectively.
The capability of the stimulant substances on enhancing stem
weight was also insured by Talat et al. (2005) on Catharanthus rosens,
Abou Dahab and Abd El – Aziz (2006) on Philodendron erubescens,
Mustafa and Ebeid (2013) on Albizza lebbekand and Taxodium distichum
Aly et al. (2014) on Kapok seedlings for amino acids, Al-Qubaia (2002)
on roselle, El-Sherbeny et al. (2007) on rue Ahmed (2014) on kapok
concerning to active yeast, while Ali et al.(2018) and Farghaly (2018)
on Kapok, AbdEl-Aziz et al.(2011) on Amaranthus triclor regarding to
seaweed extract.
Table (7) emphasized that the combined effect between the two
tested factors, in both seasons, had statistically significant on stem dry
weight/ seedling of khaya. Clearly, the most of combined treatments,
during the two growing seasons, resulted a significant augment in stem
dry weight/ seedling as compared to untreated ones. The most effective
treatments of such trait were detected when applying filter mud at the
high level (54 g/ seedling) with the combined treatments (amino acids +
active yeast + seaweed extract), (amino acids + seaweed extract) and
(seaweed extract + active yeast), in addition to the moerrate level of filter
mud (36 g/ seedling) plus the triple combined treatment (amino acids +
active yeast + seaweed extract), in comparison with those obtained by
other combination treatments, during the two experimental seasons.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 26
Table (7): The influence of filter mud levels, amino acids, active yeast
and seaweed extract on stem dry weight of khaya
senegalensis seedlings during the two season of 2018 and
2019.
First season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 19.0 27.0 32.0 37.9 29.0
Amino acids 100ppm 27.9 33.0 38.9 46.0 36.5
Active yeast 5ml/L 27.7 31.3 35.9 39.5 33.6
Seaweed 3m/L 21.0 23.8 33.7 40.9 29.9
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
23.7 32.7 39.4 42.3 34.5
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
27.0 34.7 44.8 50.6 39.3
Amino acids
+ Seaweed
28.7 39.3 42.6 50.6 40.3
Am. acids + Ac.yeast +
Seaweed
33.7 43.0 49.4 59.9 46.5
Mean (A) 26.0 33.1 39.6 46.0
L.S.D (0.05) A= 4.9 B= 6.2 AB= 12.4
Second season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 20.1 25.8 33.0 34.2 28.3
Amino acids 100ppm 26.9 29.8 34.2 48.6 34.9
Active yeast 5ml/L 25.0 31.1 33.2 36.0 31.3
Seaweed 3m/L 23.0 27.3 29.6 35.7 28.9
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
24.1 30.4 33.6 40.3 32.1
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
27.0 32.5 39.2 46.9 36.4
Amino acids
+ Seaweed
29.0 36.4 40.9 43.9 37.6
Am. acids + Ac.yeast +
Seaweed
33.9 45.0 44.6 52.2 43.9
Mean (A) 26.1 32.7 36.0 42.2
L.S.D (0.05) A= 5.9 B= 5.6 AB= 11.3
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium percentages:
The obtained results in Tables (8,9 and 10) Revealed that
supplying Khaya seedlings with organic manure as filter mud at all
levels, during the two experimental seasons , led to a significant increase
in the three examined elements (N, P and K %) in the leaves, except for
the low level of filter mud (18 g/ seedling) regarding N% in the first
season and P and K% for the two seasons, as well as, the moderate level
(36 g/ seedling) concerning K % in the second one, as compared to
unfertilized ones. As for N%, significant differences among all levels of
filter mud in the second season, were detected. On the other hand, the
difference among all levels of filter mud were no significant in the first
one. Regarding P%, significant differences among all levels of filter mud,
27 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
in both seasons were observed, except for between the moderate and high
levels, in the first season. conserving K%, no significant difference
among all levels of filter mud, in the two seasons, were noticed, except
for between the low and high levels in the first season. The highest
values of N, P and K% were given by applying the high level of filter
mud (54 g/ seedling) as ranged 11.2 And 8.4 % for N%, 12.6 and 17.5 %
for P% and 6 and 5% for K% over control, in both seasons, respectively.
The promoting effect of organic manure on N, P and K was also.
studied by Ali et al. (2001) and El-Sayed and Abdou (2002) on khaya
senegalansis, Ahmed et al. (2006) on populous nigra and populous alba
and Mahmmoud (2014) on populous nigra, Ali et al. (2020) and Abd
El-Raheem (2020) on Taxodium distichum seedling .
Regarding stimulant substance treatments, data in Tables (8,9
and 10) indicated that spraying Khaya seedlings with the examined
substances either alone or mixed, in both seasons, caused a significant
augment in N%, except for amino acids treatment in the two seasons and
seaweed extract treatment in the second one, comparing to untreated
ones. With regard to P%, it was significantly increased, in both seasons,
duo to using the combined stimulant substances, except for the treatment
of amino acids + active yeast, in the first season, as compared to no
sprayed plants. Concerning K% foliar spray with the examined stimulant
substances either single or together resulted a significant augment in such
trait, in the two seasons, as compared to control, except for amino acids
treatment in both seasons and active yeast treatment in the second one.
Clearly, the use of triple combined treatment (amino acids + active yeast
+ seaweed extract) and double combined treatment (amino acids +
seaweed extract) gave the highest values of the three studied elements. N,
P and K% as compared to other treatments, during the two experimental
seasons. Numerically, these previous superior treatments increased N%
by 11.9, 12.2, 9.6, And by 8.4%, by 15.3, 10.8, 22and by 15.7% for P%
and by 10.6, 9.1, 11.8 and by 8.6% for K% over no sprayed ones, during
the two consecutive seasons, respectively.
The role of amino acids in enhancing the elements of N, P and K
was also insured by Abd El-Azziz et al.(2010) on Thuja orientalis, Ali
and Hassan (2013) on Tagetes eracta Abd El-Rahman et al. (2008) on
fennel. Abd–Rahman et al. (2016) on Chamomil. Concerning active
yeast, meanwhile, Ahmed (2002) on Leucaena leucoceohala, Moustafa
and El-Hosseiny (2001) on Washington Navel orange, Shoug (2019) on
Balady mandarin trees, Saoir and Archer (2010) on apple seedlings,
Shehata et al (2011) on Apium graveolens, Al-Hadethi (2015) on
apricot trees, Hassan (2015) on dill, Al- Rawi et al (2016) on peach
Hamed (2017) on anise and Ali et al. (2018) and Fargaly (2018) on
Kapok seedling, Regarding seaweed extract.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 28
In connection, the interaction effect between the two studied
factors was statistically significant on N, P and K % in the leaves of
Khaya seedlings, during the two experimental seasons. Clearly, the use of
most of combined treatments, in both seasons, resulted a significant
increase in N, P and K % comparing to untreated ones. Apparently, the
highest values of N, P and K % were given by receiving Khaya seedlings
the high level of filter mud (54g / seedling) and the moderate one (36g /
seedling) in combination with the triple combined treatment (amino acid
+ active yeast + seaweed extract) plus the double combined treatment
(amino acids + seaweed extract), mostly, in comparison with those
obtained by other combination treatments during the two experimental
seasons, as clearly shown in Tables (8 , 9 and 10).
Table (8): The influence of filter mud levels, amino acids, active yeast
and seaweed extract on N% of khaya senegalensis seedlings
during the two season of 2018 and 2019.
First season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 3.25 3.30 3.33 3.50 3.35
Amino acids 100ppm 3.33 3.35 3.60 3.58 3.47
Active yeast 5ml/L 3.37 3.59 3.78 3.80 3.64
Seaweed 3m/L 3.26 3.51 3.79 3.83 3.60
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
3.39 3.60 3.58 3.81 3.60
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
3.42 3.70 3.72 3.64 3.62
Amino acids
+ Seaweed
3.48 3.78 3.85 3.92 3.76
Am. acids + Ac.yeast +
Seaweed
3.57 3.55 3.90 3.96 3.75
Mean (A) 3.38 3.55 3.69 3.76
L.S.D (0.05) A= 0.18 B= 0.15 AB= 0.30
Second season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A)
Mean
(B)
0 18 36 54
Control 3.34 3.36 3.50 3.56 3.44
Amino acids 100ppm 3.32 3.40 3.46 3.55 3.43
Active yeast 5ml/L 3.30 3.53 3.65 3.75 3.56
Seaweed 3m/L 3.30 3.40 3.56 3.70 3.49
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
3.43 3.57 3.62 3.79 3.60
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
3.54 3.68 3.71 3.75 3.67
Amino acids
+ Seaweed
3.63 3.72 3.74 3.84 3.73
Am. acids + Ac.yeast +
Seaweed
3.65 3.70 3.80 3.92 3.77
Mean (A) 3.44 3.55 3.63 3.73
L.S.D (0.05) A= 0.07 B= 0.12 AB= 0.23
29 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
Table (9): The influence of filter mud levels, amino acids, active yeast
and seaweed extract on p % of khaya senegalensis
seedlings during the two season of 2018 and 2019.
First season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 0.292 0.300 0.366 0.375 0.333
Amino acids 100ppm 0.308 0.302 0.359 0.370 0.335
Active yeast 5ml/L 0.328 0.340 0.365 0.376 0.352
Seaweed 3m/L 0.331 0.335 0.355 0.380 0.350
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
0.337 0.333 0.362 0.360 0.348
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
0.346 0.353 0.351 0.367 0.354
Amino acids
+ Seaweed
0.359 0.368 0.364 0.384 0.369
Am. acids + Ac.yeast +
Seaweed
0.374 0.381 0.385 0.397 0.384
Mean (A) 0.334 0.339 0.363 0.376
L.S.D (0.05) A= 0.020 B= 0.019 AB= 0.038
Second season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 0.265 0.282 0.322 0.326 0.299
Amino acids 100ppm 0.277 0.287 0.317 0.315 0.299
Active yeast 5ml/L 0.275 0.281 0.313 0.336 0.301
Seaweed 3m/L 0.295 0.304 0.322 0.354 0.319
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
0.293 0.300 0.342 0.350 0.321
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
0.310 0.308 0.350 0.362 0.333
Amino acids
+ Seaweed
0.315 0.335 0.365 0.370 0.346
Am. acids + Ac.yeast +
Seaweed
0.348 0.359 0.373 0.380 0.365
Mean (A) 0.297 0.307 0.338 0.349
L.S.D (0.05) A= 0.011 B= 0.022 AB= 0.044
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 30
Table (10): The influence of filter mud levels, amino acids, active
yeast and seaweed extract on k % of khaya senegalensis
seedlings during the two seasons of 2018 and 2019.
First season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 2.00 2.10 2.12 2.10 2.08
Amino acids 100ppm 2.11 2.15 2.13 2.17 2.14
Active yeast 5ml/L 2.14 2.17 2.21 2.26 2.20
Seaweed 3m/L 2.19 2.17 2.23 2.21 2.20
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
2.15 2.21 2.23 2.32 2.23
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
2.13 2.18 2.26 2.30 2.22
Amino acids
+ Seaweed
2.20 2.25 2.28 2.35 2.27
Am. acids +
Ac.yeast + Seaweed
2.18 2.26 2.33 2.42 2.30
Mean (A) 2.14 2.19 2.22 2.27
L.S.D (0.05) A= 0.08 B= 0.08 AB= 0.17
Second season
Simulant substances
treatment (B)
Filter mud g/seedling (A) Mean
0 18 36 54 (B)
Control 2.15 2.18 2.23 2.27 2.21
Amino acids 100ppm 2.22 2.20 2.23 2.32 2.24
Active yeast 5ml/L 2.23 2.28 2.29 2.26 2.27
Seaweed 3m/L 2.30 2.33 2.35 2.36 2.34
Amino acids
+ Active yeast
2.32 2.35 2.33 2.37 2.34
Seaweed
+ Active yeast
2.28 2.34 2.36 2.35 2.33
Amino acids
+ Seaweed
2.31 2.39 2.43 2.46 2.40
Am. acids +
Ac.yeast + Seaweed
2.35 2.40 2.51 2.63 2.47
Mean (A) 2.27 2.31 2.34 2.38
L.S.D (0.05) A= 0.09 B= 0.09 AB= 0.18
From the obtained results, it could be discussed as follows: the
enhancement in plant growth parameters (stem length, stem diameter,
leaves dry weight / seedling and stem dry weight / seedling, as well as, N,
P and K% due to fertilizing Khaya seedlings with filter mud as organic
manure reflected the positive, biological and physiological roles of
organic manures which were explored by many investigators such as,
Bohn et al. (1985) emphasized that organic matter as a main source of
the elements, N, P and S, as well as, contains high content of B and Mo,
and bisedes to considered as a source of energy for Azotobacter growth.
the use of organic manure minimized nutrients lost by leaching (Saber,
1997) .Also, organic manure increased microbial activities in the root
31 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
zone by using it to the soil (Taiwo, et al., 2002). Furthermore, Natarajan
(2007) and Sreenivasa et al. (2010) claimed the organic manures contain
growth promoting hormones (IAA and GA), macronutrients, essential
micronutrients and beneficial microorganisms. the positive effect of
amino acids on improving the studied traits due to the physiological and
biological roles of amino acids which were explained by many authors
such as, Kamar and Omar (1987) mentioned that amino acids play
physiological roles for examples: biosynthesis of enzymes, coenzymes,
purine and pyrimidine basis, vitamins, pigments, terpenoids and
alkaloids. They are precursors or activators of phytohormones and
growth substances. Kowalczyk and Zielony (2008) proved that amino
acids capable enhancing plant growth, yield and mitigates the injuries by
a biotic stress. Moreover, utilizing amino acids on many plants grown
under low fertile soils resulted an enhancement in growth of these plants
(Tantawy et al.2009 and Abd El-Mawgoud et al., 2011). The
increments in plant growth characteristics and N, P and K% due to foliar
spray with active yeast could be attributed to the biological and
physiological roles of active yeast which were discussed by some authors
such as, Tarrow and Nakase (1975), and Subba Rao (1984) pointed
that active dry yeast contains high amounts of four vitamins, especially
vitamin B which plays an important role in improving the plant growth
and controlling the incidence of fungi diseases.
Nagodawithana (1991) reported that active dry yeast is
considered as a good source of many natural growth substances i. e.
cytokinins, a lot of vitamins, Most nutritional elements namely P, K, S,
Ca, Na, and Mg and also, organic compounds (nucleic acids, proteins,
lipids and carbohydrates). The enhancement in parameters studied of this
study as a result of applying seaweed extract might be attributed to the
positive, physiological and biological roles of seaweed extract which
were explained by several authors such as, Adam (1999) showed that
seaweed extract contains phytohormones (IAA, GA and cytokinins). It is
an excellent natural fertilizer and as a source of organic matter. It
contains higher amounts of elements namely, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Zn,
Mn, Fe, and C (Tung et al. 2003). It is a good source of bioactive
compounds such as, vitamins, protein, mineral carotenoids, essential fatty
acids and dietary fiber (Osman and Salem, 2011). Pramanick et al.
(2013) verified that seaweed extract improved various plant growth
parameters and development due to good health around the plants. From
the obtained results, it could be recommended to supply the soil of khaya
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 32
senegalensis seedlings with filter mud at 54 g/ seedling and foliar spray
with amino acids (tryptophan and methionine) at 100 ppm, active yeast at
5 g/l and seaweed extract at 3 ml/l to enhancing the growth and some
chemical constituents traits under the investigation conditions.
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دور طين المرشحات والاحماض الامينية والخميرة النشطة ومستخمص الأعشاب
البحرية في تحسين النمو وبعض المکونات الکيميائية لشتلات الکايا السنغالي
*وليد محمد حممي أبو قوطة، *أحمد فؤاد عمي، **أماني عبد الرحيم أحمد،
*السيد حماد عامر
* قسم البساتين – کمية الز ا رعة – جامعة الازىر – أسيوط
** قسم بحوث الأشجار الخشبية – مرکز البحوث الز ا رعية – الجيزة
أجري ىذا البحث في مزرعة کمية الز ا رعة – جامعة الازىر – فرع أسيوط خلال موسمي
2018 بيدف د ا رسة تأثير إضافة سماد طين المرشحات وبعض المواد / متتاليين 2017
المشجعة )أحماض أمينية "تريبتوفان،ميثيونين" ، خميرة نشطة ، مستخمص الاعشاب البحرية(
وکذلک التفاعل بينيما عل صفات النمو وبعض المکونات الکيميائية لشتلات الکايا السنغالي.
تم إمداد الشتلات بسماد طين المرشحات بمعدلات صفر، 54،36،18 ج ا رم/کيس ورشت
الشتلات بالمواد المشجعة حيث کانت معاملاتيا عمى النحو التالي:
صفر، أحماض أمينية بترکيز 100 جزء في المميون، خميرة نشطة بترکيز 5ج ا رم/لتر،
مستخمص الأعشاب البحرية بترکيز 3مل/لتر، احماض أمينية + خميرة نشطة، مستخمص
الأعشاب البحرية + خميرة نشطة، أحماض أمينية + مستخمص الأعشاب البحرية، أحماض
أمينية + خميرة نشطة + مستخمص الأعشاب البحرية.
أشارت النتائج المتحصل عمييا ان استعمال سماد طين المرشحات بجميع معدلاتو قد
أدى إلى زيادة معنوية في صفات النمو الخضري )طول الساق، سمک الساق، الوزن الجاف
للأو ا رق/الشتمة، الوزن الجاف لمسيقان/الشتمة( وکذلک النسبة المئوية لعناصر النيتروجين و
الفوسفور و البوتاسيوم باستثناء المعدل المنخفض من طين المرشحات ) 18 ج ا رم/الشتمة( في
بعض الحالات
ولقد تم الحصول أغمب أقيم من ىذه الصفات عند إضافة المعدل التالي من طين
المرشحات ) 54 ج ا رم/شتمة( .في کثير من الحالات أدى رش الشتلات بالمواد المنشطة سواء
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 40
بصورة منفردة أو خميطة إلى حدوث زيادة معنوية في الصفات تحت الد ا رسة – أفضل النتائج تم
الحصول عمييا بمعاممة الشتلات بخميط لثلاث مواد مشجعة ) أحماض أمينية + خميرة نشطة
+مستخمص الأعشاب البحرية ( و أيضاً بالمعاممة الم زدوجة ) أحماض أمينية + مستخمص
الأعشاب البحرية (.
أدت معظم معاملات التداخل إلى زيادة معنوية لصفات النمو و النسبة المئوية لعناصر
النيتروجين و الفوسفور و البوتاسيوم . ولقد إتضح في کثير من الحالات أن أکثر المعاملات
تأثي ا رً عند إمداد الشتلات بالمعدل العالي من طين المرشحات ) 54 ج ا رم/الشتمة( يمية المعدل
المتوسط من طين المرشحات ) 36 ج ا رم/الشتمة( مع الرش بخميط الثلاث مواد المشجعة
) أحماض أمينية +خميرة نشطة + مستخمص الأعشاب البحرية و المعاممة الم زدوجة ) أحماض
أمينية + مستحمص الأعشاب البحرية ( .
41 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
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