POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE OF THE GREEN PEACH APHID, MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZER) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN CUMIN FIELDS IN ASSIUT UPPER EGYPT الترکيب العمري لتعداد حشرة من الخوخ الأخضر في حقول الکمون فى أسيوط – مصر العليا

Population age structure of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in cumin fields in Assiut upper Egypt

Mohamed A. A. Abdel-Rahman*, Azza M. A. Awad**, Salah A. Abdel-Salam***, Mohamed A.K. Nasser**** and Nour El-Houda R Abdel-Hamed.***

*Plant Protection Research Institute, ** Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, *** Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University

INTRODUCTION:

Cumin is the dried seed of the herb, Cuminum cyminum L., a member of the Parsley family. It’s one of the most important

medicinal plants cultivated in Assiut. Cumin seeds are used as a spice for their distinctive flavour and aroma. It helps to add an earthy and warming feeling to food, making it            

a staple in certain stews and soups, as well as spiced gravies such as chili. It is also used as an ingredient in some pickles and pastries (Nadeen and Riaz, 2012).

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is a pest on cumin plants and distributed throughout all temperate and worm regions of the world. Swailem et al. (1976) reported that M. persicae is the most important insect pests that attack medicinal and ornamental plants in Egypt. Minks and Harrewijn (1989) reported that this aphid can damage their host plant directly by sucking the plant sap (Moran, 1992), induce gall formation (Qubbajet et al., 2004) and they can damage their host indirectly by transmitting plant viruses (Carter et al., 1980 and Conti, 1985; Blackman and Eastop, 1994 and 2000). This aphid is considered one of the most damaging and consistently present pests on cumin crops and other medicinal crops  (Almatni،  2008).

The present studies were conducted to obtain better knowledge about thepopulation of M. persicae infesting cumin in Assiut area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The present investigations were conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University during two successive seasons of 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. An area of Ca. quarter feddan (about 1100 m2) was divided into plots of equal size (1/100 feddan) and was cultivated with cumin during the first week of November

in both seasons. The normal agricultural practices were normally preformed and no insecticides were used during study period.  

Aphid numbers (all forms) were visually recorded on samples each of one hundred plants (25 plants / replicate) taken weekly at random. The collected samples were brought back, in transparent polyethylene bag, to the laboratory for counting the green peach aphid. Samples were weekly taken when the migration of aphids, onto the crops, from overwintering sites began, and continued through the time till when aphid population and their natural enemies declined to a low or undetectable levels. The number of aphids (nymphs and adults) was counted and recorded at each inspection date.

Population age structure of M. persicae was described as d1, d2, d3, d4 and d5, used planting date as a starting count.

(d1) = Time (in days) until the first detection of aphid in cumin field.

(d2) = Time (in days) until the detection of 10% of the maximum population density.

(d3) = Time (in days) to attain the maximum population density.

(d4) =Time (in days) until the disappearance of 90% of the maximum population density, and

(d5) = Time (in days) until the absolute disappearance of aphids.

Duration of each phase (d1 – d5) was calculated from the beginning of planting first as starting date (3rd November). Coefficient of daily rate of population increase (α1) and decrease (α2) were calculated according to Freier (1983):

(α1) = 0.9 / d3 – d2,

(α2) = 0.9 / d4 – d3.

Temperatures (maximum and minimum) and relative humidities (maximum and minimum) were obtained from a meteorological station located at 100 m away from the experimental site in the field.

Results and Discussion :

Population of the green peach aphid infesting cumin plants was monitored during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons. Data of the population densities of the aphid species were expressed in terms of weekly numbers / 10 plants.

In 2012 season, the changes in the population densities of M. persicae on cumin plants are presented in Table 1. Data indicate that the nymphs and adults of the pest were detected on cumin plants in a relatively low level (1.50 aphids / 10 plants) during the third week of December when the plants were in the seedling stage. Thereafter, the population tended to increase gradually through January, February. The maximum level (55.10 aphids / 10 plants) was attained during first half of February when the plants were in the first stage of ripening. The number of aphids then showed a sharp decrease and approximately vanished from the field during the middle of March when the plants were in the middle of ripening stage.   

Data in Table 1 show the seasonal abundance of the green peach aphid during 2013 season. The aphid started to appear on cumin plants in extremely low numbers (4.70 aphids / 10 plants) during the third week of December when the cumin plants were in the end of seedling stage. Its population reached a peak of 103.2 aphids / 10 plants around the middle of February, when the plants were in the ripening stage.

The population continued in relatively high numbers in the next week and vanished

from the field during the end of March, when the plants were in ripening stage. 

 (In general, the green peach aphid appeared in the period lasted from the end of December up to the end of March with a peak of number during the middle of February, when the plants were in the ripening stage.

From the obtained results it is clear that the maximum population level of M. persicae was attained during the first half of February. 

During 2012 and 2013 cumin growing seasons, respectively the population divided into five categories as follows:

Density 1 (d1): The initial population density of aphid was detected with an average of 50 days. Primarily alate migrants that have probably emigrated from their overwintering sites characterize this phase.

Density 2 (d2): In this phase the population of aphids increased slowly to reach 10% of the maximum level with 66 days. The lags in population growth might be expected because of the few colonizers and because temperatures were low compared with temperatures followed this phase. The daytime temperatures were relatively warm (ranged from 20 to 24°C) and slightly colder at night (ranged from 4 to 7 °C). It could be concluded from the data obtained that the population of the green peach aphid tended to establish on cumin plants after 66 days, about mid January. Ali and Rizk (1980) and Ali and Darwish (1990) and Abdel-Rahman (1997) obtained similar results on cereal aphids infesting wheat plants. They observed a gradual increase in the cereal aphid populations on wheat plants early in the season and the aphid tended to establish on the wheat plants at the beginning of February.

Density 3 (d3): This is an exponential phase in the population growth. Aphid populations increased to a maximum level within an average of 95 days (14 weeks). This rapid increase probably resulted from the reproduction of apterae, which is most fecund morph. The nymphs born by the emigrants in the former phase have now become adults and began their nymphal production. However, the peaks of abundance have been attained nearly during the first half of February, where the maximum temperatures ranged from 24 to 27°C and the minimum ranged from 7 to 9°C with an average of 17°C. The average relative humidity in this time ranged from 51 to 55%. This condition seems to be the optimum range for the development and multiplication of the green peach aphid. Some of the previous studies confirmed the present results. Cartier and Painter (1956) found that the high temperature, longer period of sunlight and better growing conditions of the plants favored the reproduction of aphids. Dean (1974) found that R. padi population peaked in late August and early September when temperatures were in optimum range (20-25°C). Ali and Rizk (1980) reported that temperatures ranged from 17-19°C and RH within the range of 44% to 52% are the most favorable conditions for the activity of cereal aphid species. In addition, the rapid increase in this phase might be related to suitability of the host plant. In this phase the plants are at growth stage that provides an excellent source of nutrition. Campbell and Eikentlary (1990) found that the phloem sap in the stem elongation stage, is rich in assimilates such as sugars and amino acids and the aphids have a higher growth rate. Aalbersberg et al. (1989) showed that the exponential increased of Russian wheat aphid, D. noxia populations occurred between stem elongation and completion of ear emergence. Similar results were obtained by Kriel et al. (1984) and Girma et al. (1990), who found that D. noxia immature developed much faster, while feeding on plants in the jointing stage.

Density 4 (d4): The fourth phase includes the population declination, which usually starts shortly as the population peaked. The present data show that the population declined to reach 10% of the maximum level with an average of 120.50 days (17 weeks). The eventual declined of aphid populations at the end of March was associated with a rapid drop in the suitability of the crop, accompanied by much alate emigration.

       However, natural enemies usually achieved their highest population levels during the period of the highest aphid density. Campell and Eikenbary (1990) reported that it is normally after flowering emergence that the aphid declines. They added that, this decline occurs regardless of the initial population size and is, in part, likely to be an effect of the aging plant becoming increasingly unsuitable as a food source. Thus, there is strong evidence to suggest that a decrease in food quality, as an effect of an aging cumin plant, can lead to a decline in the aphid population. However, it was found that changes in the level of intraspecific competion (crowding) could affects a number of population parameters including fecundity and migration. Wiktelius (1989) reported that analysis of field data for R. padi showed that although crowding stimulates wing formation during early growth stages in cereals, almost 100% of the fourth instar nymphs become alatiform after ear emergence had began regardless of aphid density. He showed also that the proportion of the aphid population moving on the ground increased rapidly after the population’s peak and can reach 50% during the decline phase. This behavior is probably also an effect of changing of host plant quality by walking also contributes to population decline. Several authors have pointed out natural enemies may also contribute to population decline. In the present study coccinellids and some hymenopterous parasitoids were existed in association with cereal aphids in relatively high population density particularly during the high aphid’s density.

 Ali and Rizk (1980), Abdel-Rahman (1997) and Ali and Abdel-Rahman (2000) attributed the decline in the cereal aphid’s population in wheat field during late March to the predators and parasitoids.

Density 5 (d5): disappearance of aphids from cumin fields that has been observed within an average of 132.50 days, from the beginning of planting date. The disappearance of aphids is mainly due to the plant maturity and migration of aphids. Similarity, Ali and Darwish (1990) and Abdel-Rahman (1997) indicated that cereal aphids completely leave the wheat plants during the nearly ripening stage.

It could be generally concluded that those weather factors (mainly temperature) and the host plant quality, intra-specific competition and natural enemies were the most decisive factors affecting the population growth of cereal aphids on wheat crop. However, these ecological measures will eventually helps in pest management decision in wheat ecosystem.

References

Aalbersberg, Y.K.M.; Van Der Westhuizen, M.C. and Hewitt, P.H. (1989).  Characteristics of population build-up of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia and the effect on wheat yield in the eastern Orange Free State. Ann. Appl. Biol., 114: 231-242.

Abdel-Rahman, M.A.A. (1997). Biological and ecological studies on cereal aphids and their control in Upper Egypt.  Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Agric. Univ. Assiut (Egypt), 231 p.

Ali, A. M. and Abdel-Rahman, M. A. A. (2000). Predaceous arthropods in relation to cereal aphids in wheat fields at Upper Egypt. The 2nd Sci. Conf. Agric. Sci., Assiut.  pp 637-643.

Ali, A.M. and Darwish, T.A. (1990). Incidence of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera:Aphididae) on wheat in Upper Egypt.  Ass. J. Agric. Sci., 21; 184-190.

Ali, A.M. and Rizk, M.M. (1980). Effect of certain physical factors and natural enemies on the cereal aphids, Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch.). Ass. J. Agric. Sci., 11: 107-115.

Almatni W, KhalilN, (2008). A primary survey of aphid species on almond and peach, and natural enemies of Brachycaudusamygdalinus in As-Sweida, Southern Syria.In: Boos M., Eco-fruit -13thInternational Conference on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit-Growing: Proceedings to the Conference, Germany, pp 109–115.

Blackman RL, and Eastop VF, (1994). Aphids on the World’s Trees: An Identification and Information Guide. U.K: CAB International.

Blackman RL, and Eastop VF, (2000). Aphids on the World’s Crops: An Identification and Information Guide. New York: Wiley.

Campbell, R. K. and Eikentlary, R. D. (1990). Aphid-Plant genotype interactions. Elsevier

Carter N, McLean L, Watt A, and Dixon A , (1980). Cereal aphids - a case study and review.Applied Biology, 5: 271-348.

Cartier, J.J. and Painter, R.H. (1956). Differential reactions of two biotypes of corn leaf aphid to resistant and susceptible varieties hybrids and selections of sorghum. J. Econ. Entomol., 49: 498-508.

Conti, M, (1985). Transmission of Plant Viruses by Leafhoppers and Plant-hoppers.New York:Wiley –Interscience.

Dean G.J. (1974). Effect of temperature on the cereal aphids, Metopoliphium dirhodum (Wlk.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Macrosiphum avenae (F.) (Hem., Aphididae). Bull. Ent. Res., 63: 401-409.

Freier, B. (1983). Untersuchungen Zur Struktur von population und Zum  Massenweehsel Van Schadinseeien des Getreides als Grundlage fur Uberwachung, Prognose Und Grundlage fur Uberwochung, Prognose und gezielte von Simulations modelin. Ph. D. Thesis, Martin Luther Univ., DDR, 236pp.

Girma, M.; Wilde, G. and Reese, J.C. (1990). Influence of temperature and plant growth stage on development, reproduction, lifespan and intrinsic rate of increase of the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environ. Entomol., 19: 1438-1442.

Kriel, C.F.; Hewitt, P.H.; Dejager, J.; Walters, M.C.; Fouche, A. and Van Westhuizen, M.C. (1984). Aspects of the ecology of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, in the Bloemfontein distict. II. Population dynamics Technical communication of the department of agriculture. Republic of South Africa, 191: 14-21.

Minks, A.K. and Harrewijn, P. (1989): Aphids: their biology, natural enemies and control. 2B Elsvier, New York.

Moran, N, (1992). The evolution of aphid life cycles.Annu. Rew. Entomol.,. 37: 321–348.

Nadeen, M. and Riaz, A. (2012). Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) as a potential surce of antoxidants. Pak. J. Food. Sci., 22(2):101-107.

Qubbajet, T, Reineke A, and Zebitz C. (2004). Molecular interactions between Rosy apple aphids, Dysaphisplantaginea (Passerini) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and resistant and susceptible cultivars of its primary host, Malusdomestica L. Entomologia Experientalis et Applicata, 115: 145-152.

Swailem, S. M.; Awadallah, K. T. and Shaheen, A. A. (1976). Abundance of Lindingaspis rossiuosk on ornamental host plants in GizaZagazig regions, Egypt. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypt, 60:257-263.

Wiktelius, S. (1989). Migration of apterous Rhopalosiphum padi. Bulletin SROP/WPRS.

Population age structure of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in cumin fields in Assiut upper Egypt

Mohamed A. A. Abdel-Rahman*, Azza M. A. Awad**, Salah A. Abdel-Salam***, Mohamed A.K. Nasser**** and Nour El-Houda R Abdel-Hamed.***

*Plant Protection Research Institute, ** Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, *** Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University

INTRODUCTION:

Cumin is the dried seed of the herb, Cuminum cyminum L., a member of the Parsley family. It’s one of the most important

medicinal plants cultivated in Assiut. Cumin seeds are used as a spice for their distinctive flavour and aroma. It helps to add an earthy and warming feeling to food, making it            

a staple in certain stews and soups, as well as spiced gravies such as chili. It is also used as an ingredient in some pickles and pastries (Nadeen and Riaz, 2012).

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is a pest on cumin plants and distributed throughout all temperate and worm regions of the world. Swailem et al. (1976) reported that M. persicae is the most important insect pests that attack medicinal and ornamental plants in Egypt. Minks and Harrewijn (1989) reported that this aphid can damage their host plant directly by sucking the plant sap (Moran, 1992), induce gall formation (Qubbajet et al., 2004) and they can damage their host indirectly by transmitting plant viruses (Carter et al., 1980 and Conti, 1985; Blackman and Eastop, 1994 and 2000). This aphid is considered one of the most damaging and consistently present pests on cumin crops and other medicinal crops  (Almatni،  2008).

The present studies were conducted to obtain better knowledge about thepopulation of M. persicae infesting cumin in Assiut area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The present investigations were conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University during two successive seasons of 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. An area of Ca. quarter feddan (about 1100 m2) was divided into plots of equal size (1/100 feddan) and was cultivated with cumin during the first week of November

in both seasons. The normal agricultural practices were normally preformed and no insecticides were used during study period.  

Aphid numbers (all forms) were visually recorded on samples each of one hundred plants (25 plants / replicate) taken weekly at random. The collected samples were brought back, in transparent polyethylene bag, to the laboratory for counting the green peach aphid. Samples were weekly taken when the migration of aphids, onto the crops, from overwintering sites began, and continued through the time till when aphid population and their natural enemies declined to a low or undetectable levels. The number of aphids (nymphs and adults) was counted and recorded at each inspection date.

Population age structure of M. persicae was described as d1, d2, d3, d4 and d5, used planting date as a starting count.

(d1) = Time (in days) until the first detection of aphid in cumin field.

(d2) = Time (in days) until the detection of 10% of the maximum population density.

(d3) = Time (in days) to attain the maximum population density.

(d4) =Time (in days) until the disappearance of 90% of the maximum population density, and

(d5) = Time (in days) until the absolute disappearance of aphids.

Duration of each phase (d1 – d5) was calculated from the beginning of planting first as starting date (3rd November). Coefficient of daily rate of population increase (α1) and decrease (α2) were calculated according to Freier (1983):

(α1) = 0.9 / d3 – d2,

(α2) = 0.9 / d4 – d3.

Temperatures (maximum and minimum) and relative humidities (maximum and minimum) were obtained from a meteorological station located at 100 m away from the experimental site in the field.

Results and Discussion :

Population of the green peach aphid infesting cumin plants was monitored during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons. Data of the population densities of the aphid species were expressed in terms of weekly numbers / 10 plants.

In 2012 season, the changes in the population densities of M. persicae on cumin plants are presented in Table 1. Data indicate that the nymphs and adults of the pest were detected on cumin plants in a relatively low level (1.50 aphids / 10 plants) during the third week of December when the plants were in the seedling stage. Thereafter, the population tended to increase gradually through January, February. The maximum level (55.10 aphids / 10 plants) was attained during first half of February when the plants were in the first stage of ripening. The number of aphids then showed a sharp decrease and approximately vanished from the field during the middle of March when the plants were in the middle of ripening stage.   

Data in Table 1 show the seasonal abundance of the green peach aphid during 2013 season. The aphid started to appear on cumin plants in extremely low numbers (4.70 aphids / 10 plants) during the third week of December when the cumin plants were in the end of seedling stage. Its population reached a peak of 103.2 aphids / 10 plants around the middle of February, when the plants were in the ripening stage.

The population continued in relatively high numbers in the next week and vanished

from the field during the end of March, when the plants were in ripening stage. 

 (In general, the green peach aphid appeared in the period lasted from the end of December up to the end of March with a peak of number during the middle of February, when the plants were in the ripening stage.

From the obtained results it is clear that the maximum population level of M. persicae was attained during the first half of February. 

During 2012 and 2013 cumin growing seasons, respectively the population divided into five categories as follows:

Density 1 (d1): The initial population density of aphid was detected with an average of 50 days. Primarily alate migrants that have probably emigrated from their overwintering sites characterize this phase.

Density 2 (d2): In this phase the population of aphids increased slowly to reach 10% of the maximum level with 66 days. The lags in population growth might be expected because of the few colonizers and because temperatures were low compared with temperatures followed this phase. The daytime temperatures were relatively warm (ranged from 20 to 24°C) and slightly colder at night (ranged from 4 to 7 °C). It could be concluded from the data obtained that the population of the green peach aphid tended to establish on cumin plants after 66 days, about mid January. Ali and Rizk (1980) and Ali and Darwish (1990) and Abdel-Rahman (1997) obtained similar results on cereal aphids infesting wheat plants. They observed a gradual increase in the cereal aphid populations on wheat plants early in the season and the aphid tended to establish on the wheat plants at the beginning of February.

Density 3 (d3): This is an exponential phase in the population growth. Aphid populations increased to a maximum level within an average of 95 days (14 weeks). This rapid increase probably resulted from the reproduction of apterae, which is most fecund morph. The nymphs born by the emigrants in the former phase have now become adults and began their nymphal production. However, the peaks of abundance have been attained nearly during the first half of February, where the maximum temperatures ranged from 24 to 27°C and the minimum ranged from 7 to 9°C with an average of 17°C. The average relative humidity in this time ranged from 51 to 55%. This condition seems to be the optimum range for the development and multiplication of the green peach aphid. Some of the previous studies confirmed the present results. Cartier and Painter (1956) found that the high temperature, longer period of sunlight and better growing conditions of the plants favored the reproduction of aphids. Dean (1974) found that R. padi population peaked in late August and early September when temperatures were in optimum range (20-25°C). Ali and Rizk (1980) reported that temperatures ranged from 17-19°C and RH within the range of 44% to 52% are the most favorable conditions for the activity of cereal aphid species. In addition, the rapid increase in this phase might be related to suitability of the host plant. In this phase the plants are at growth stage that provides an excellent source of nutrition. Campbell and Eikentlary (1990) found that the phloem sap in the stem elongation stage, is rich in assimilates such as sugars and amino acids and the aphids have a higher growth rate. Aalbersberg et al. (1989) showed that the exponential increased of Russian wheat aphid, D. noxia populations occurred between stem elongation and completion of ear emergence. Similar results were obtained by Kriel et al. (1984) and Girma et al. (1990), who found that D. noxia immature developed much faster, while feeding on plants in the jointing stage.

Density 4 (d4): The fourth phase includes the population declination, which usually starts shortly as the population peaked. The present data show that the population declined to reach 10% of the maximum level with an average of 120.50 days (17 weeks). The eventual declined of aphid populations at the end of March was associated with a rapid drop in the suitability of the crop, accompanied by much alate emigration.

       However, natural enemies usually achieved their highest population levels during the period of the highest aphid density. Campell and Eikenbary (1990) reported that it is normally after flowering emergence that the aphid declines. They added that, this decline occurs regardless of the initial population size and is, in part, likely to be an effect of the aging plant becoming increasingly unsuitable as a food source. Thus, there is strong evidence to suggest that a decrease in food quality, as an effect of an aging cumin plant, can lead to a decline in the aphid population. However, it was found that changes in the level of intraspecific competion (crowding) could affects a number of population parameters including fecundity and migration. Wiktelius (1989) reported that analysis of field data for R. padi showed that although crowding stimulates wing formation during early growth stages in cereals, almost 100% of the fourth instar nymphs become alatiform after ear emergence had began regardless of aphid density. He showed also that the proportion of the aphid population moving on the ground increased rapidly after the population’s peak and can reach 50% during the decline phase. This behavior is probably also an effect of changing of host plant quality by walking also contributes to population decline. Several authors have pointed out natural enemies may also contribute to population decline. In the present study coccinellids and some hymenopterous parasitoids were existed in association with cereal aphids in relatively high population density particularly during the high aphid’s density.

 Ali and Rizk (1980), Abdel-Rahman (1997) and Ali and Abdel-Rahman (2000) attributed the decline in the cereal aphid’s population in wheat field during late March to the predators and parasitoids.

Density 5 (d5): disappearance of aphids from cumin fields that has been observed within an average of 132.50 days, from the beginning of planting date. The disappearance of aphids is mainly due to the plant maturity and migration of aphids. Similarity, Ali and Darwish (1990) and Abdel-Rahman (1997) indicated that cereal aphids completely leave the wheat plants during the nearly ripening stage.

It could be generally concluded that those weather factors (mainly temperature) and the host plant quality, intra-specific competition and natural enemies were the most decisive factors affecting the population growth of cereal aphids on wheat crop. However, these ecological measures will eventually helps in pest management decision in wheat ecosystem.

References

Aalbersberg, Y.K.M.; Van Der Westhuizen, M.C. and Hewitt, P.H. (1989).  Characteristics of population build-up of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia and the effect on wheat yield in the eastern Orange Free State. Ann. Appl. Biol., 114: 231-242.

Abdel-Rahman, M.A.A. (1997). Biological and ecological studies on cereal aphids and their control in Upper Egypt.  Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Agric. Univ. Assiut (Egypt), 231 p.

Ali, A. M. and Abdel-Rahman, M. A. A. (2000). Predaceous arthropods in relation to cereal aphids in wheat fields at Upper Egypt. The 2nd Sci. Conf. Agric. Sci., Assiut.  pp 637-643.

Ali, A.M. and Darwish, T.A. (1990). Incidence of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera:Aphididae) on wheat in Upper Egypt.  Ass. J. Agric. Sci., 21; 184-190.

Ali, A.M. and Rizk, M.M. (1980). Effect of certain physical factors and natural enemies on the cereal aphids, Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch.). Ass. J. Agric. Sci., 11: 107-115.

Almatni W, KhalilN, (2008). A primary survey of aphid species on almond and peach, and natural enemies of Brachycaudusamygdalinus in As-Sweida, Southern Syria.In: Boos M., Eco-fruit -13thInternational Conference on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit-Growing: Proceedings to the Conference, Germany, pp 109–115.

Blackman RL, and Eastop VF, (1994). Aphids on the World’s Trees: An Identification and Information Guide. U.K: CAB International.

Blackman RL, and Eastop VF, (2000). Aphids on the World’s Crops: An Identification and Information Guide. New York: Wiley.

Campbell, R. K. and Eikentlary, R. D. (1990). Aphid-Plant genotype interactions. Elsevier

Carter N, McLean L, Watt A, and Dixon A , (1980). Cereal aphids - a case study and review.Applied Biology, 5: 271-348.

Cartier, J.J. and Painter, R.H. (1956). Differential reactions of two biotypes of corn leaf aphid to resistant and susceptible varieties hybrids and selections of sorghum. J. Econ. Entomol., 49: 498-508.

Conti, M, (1985). Transmission of Plant Viruses by Leafhoppers and Plant-hoppers.New York:Wiley –Interscience.

Dean G.J. (1974). Effect of temperature on the cereal aphids, Metopoliphium dirhodum (Wlk.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Macrosiphum avenae (F.) (Hem., Aphididae). Bull. Ent. Res., 63: 401-409.

Freier, B. (1983). Untersuchungen Zur Struktur von population und Zum  Massenweehsel Van Schadinseeien des Getreides als Grundlage fur Uberwachung, Prognose Und Grundlage fur Uberwochung, Prognose und gezielte von Simulations modelin. Ph. D. Thesis, Martin Luther Univ., DDR, 236pp.

Girma, M.; Wilde, G. and Reese, J.C. (1990). Influence of temperature and plant growth stage on development, reproduction, lifespan and intrinsic rate of increase of the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environ. Entomol., 19: 1438-1442.

Kriel, C.F.; Hewitt, P.H.; Dejager, J.; Walters, M.C.; Fouche, A. and Van Westhuizen, M.C. (1984). Aspects of the ecology of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, in the Bloemfontein distict. II. Population dynamics Technical communication of the department of agriculture. Republic of South Africa, 191: 14-21.

Minks, A.K. and Harrewijn, P. (1989): Aphids: their biology, natural enemies and control. 2B Elsvier, New York.

Moran, N, (1992). The evolution of aphid life cycles.Annu. Rew. Entomol.,. 37: 321–348.

Nadeen, M. and Riaz, A. (2012). Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) as a potential surce of antoxidants. Pak. J. Food. Sci., 22(2):101-107.

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