EUPHORBIA DRACUNCULOIDESLAM. (EUPHORBIACEAE): A NEW RECORD TO THE FLORA OF YEMEN (الفصيلة اللبينية) تسجيل جديد لفلورا اليمن EUPHORBIA DRACUNCULOIDES

Euphorbia dracunculoidesLam. (Euphorbiaceae):

 A New Record to the Flora of Yemen

Othman Saad Saeed Al-Hawshabi

Biology Department, Faculty of Education, Aden University, Yemen

othmanhamood773@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION:

Euphorbiaceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants, with about 300 genera and 8.000 - 10.000 species widespread throughout the world, primarily in the tropical and subtropical regions (Thulin, 1993; Edwardset al., 1995). In Yemen this family is one of the six largest families represented by 17 genera and 106 species, around 30 species of them are endemic (Wood, 1997).The genus Euphorbia L. is one of the five most species-rich genera of flowering plants, with approximately 2000 species distributed world-wide in temperate and tropical zones. Sixty-two species (19 are endemic) of this genus are found in Yemen (Thulin, 1993; Wood, 1997; Kilian et al., 2006; Al-Khulaidi, 2013). This paper supplements six recent contributions by Boulos (1988) of 15 new records for flora of South Yemen from (Abyan, Aden, Lahej, Shabwa and Hadhramout), Thulin et al.,

(2001) of 50 new records for Yemen, mainly from Al-Mahrah, Kilian et al., (2002& 2004) added 130 new records of vascular plants for mainland Yemen, for the southern governorates of Yemen or larger parts of them, in particular from Hadhramout, Al-Mahrah, Abyan and Shabwa, Mohamed et al., (2014) have reported of Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston as a new record for Yemen from Tuban district, Lahej governorate and Al-Hawshabi (2014) added Allium subhirsutum L.(Alliaceae) and Justicia ladanoides Lam. (Acanthaceae), as new records for Arabian Peninsula from Toor Al Baha district, Lahej province, southwestern Yemen. The author collected some very interesting specimen belonging to the genus Euphorbia from Al-Kaud village, Abyan province, Yemen. The specimen collected was compared with the related taxa in the herbaria .

The areas of study:

The Republic of Yemen lies in the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula. It extends between latitudes 12° 40’ to 19° 00’N. and between longitudes 42° 30’ to 53° 05’E.It is bordered by Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the north, the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden in the south, Sultanate of Oman in the east, and the Red Sea in the west (Fig.1).

Fig. 1. Map of Yemen(modified afterError! Hyperlink reference not valid.), showing political map of Abyan governorate.

The climate of Yemen is generally ranging from semi-humid to semi-arid until reach to regions that have arid tropical climate. Temperatures in Yemen are changing from region to region and from season to season, also the relative humidity varies greatly in the different regions. It is ranging from 30% in the arid zones of the eastern region to above 80% in coastal areas.The average annual rainfall varies from less than 50 mm in the coastal areas to up to 1000 mm in the Southern uplands mainly around Ibb (FAO, 2009).

Republic of Yemenconsists of twenty one governorates; Abyan (the study area) is one of them. It extends between latitudes 13° 00’ to 14° 20’N. and between longitudes 45° 00’ to 47° 00’E., with an area of about 28187 sq. km. The central of Abyan governorate (Zingbar) lies south of Sana'a (the capital of Yemen) by about 427 km and east of Aden by about 60 km. Abyan governorate is bounded from the east by Shabwa governorate, from the west by Aden and Lahej governorates, from the south by the Gulf of Aden and from the north by Al-Bayda governorate and parts of Shabwa governorate (Figs. 1 & 2). 

According to Nagmoush (1983), the climate of Wadi Abyan delta, where Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. grows (Fig. 2), ranges from arid to semi-arid, the temperatures, rainfall as well as the relative humidity are variable during the different seasons of the year. The temperature is however moderate due to its proximity to the sea, and occasionally rising above 41.5 °C or falling below 7.5 °C. The humidity is high throughout the year, particularly at night and in the early morning. In the summer the relative humidity is frequently over 82%. The annual rainfall ranges from 30 mm up to 150 mm, and few showers may occur in January on the coast.

Fig. 2. Map of Abyan Delta with browsing the location of study area –Al-Kaud village, where Euphorbia dracunculoides grows (modified afterNagmoush, 1983).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The field work was carried out between December 2010 and February 2013. The identification work was finished in January 2014. The specimen upon whom this study is based was collected from Al-Kaud

village, near Zingbar. It is located in the Abyan governorate and lies on the Gulf of Aden, approximately 55 km by road east of Aden. This investigated area is shown on the maps in Figs. 1 & 2. The collected specimen was first compared with similar species from flora of Yemen and then flora of

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and flora of the United Arab Emirates in order to identify it.

The collected specimen from different parts of study area was studied and identified as Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam., using corresponding papers and flora (Boulos, 2000; Chaudhary, 2001; Karim and Fawzi, 2007).The collected specimen is deposited in the herbaria of Biology Department, faculty of Education, Aden University (Yemen). Morphological characteristics and other information like distribution, habitats and

Phytochory were studied for the new record, and comparison is also done for similar species.

Results:

Euphorbia dracunculoidesLam., Encycl. 2: 428 (1788). Fig. 3

Synonyms:E. angustifolia Buch-Ham. ex D. Don; E. dracunculoides var. africana Rikli & Schröt.; E. dracunculoides subsp.

dracunculoides; E. hamiltonii Oudejans; E.

lanceolata Spring.; Tithymalus dracunculoides (Lam.) Klotzsch & Garcke

Type:Djebel Bessam près du Kiss. Algeria, 1937 An ascending to erect, annual or short-lived perennial, 15–30 cm tall. Root terete, single, 30–40 cm × 3–8 mm. Stem sometimes branched basally, 3–7 mm thick, branches ascending, terete, glabrous in all parts. Leaves opposite on all the flowering parts, alternate on some of the lower parts of the stem and branches, sessile; stipules absent; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 1–3 cm × 2.5–4 mm, acute or obtuse, rounded in at the base, margin entire; lateral veins few, inconspicuous, at acute angle to midrib. Inflorescence an inconspicuous terminal few-rayed cyathium; primary invo-lucral leaves similar to normal leaves, primary rays ca. 3, robust and ascending, dichotomous; cyathophylls 2, similar to normal leaves. Cyathium sessile; involucre broadly campanulate, 2–3 × 3–5 mm, lobes rounded; glands 4, pale brown, crescent-shaped, apex 2-horned, horns light green. Male flowers many, not ex-serted from involucre. Female flower: ovary exserted from cup, smooth, glabrous; styles free, persistent; style arms 2-lobed. Fruiting peduncle ca. 3 mm; capsule subglobose, ca. 3.5 × 3.5 mm, smooth or obscurely reticulate, glabrous. Seeds ovoid- cylindric, ca. 2.5 × 1.5–2 mm, usually tuberculate-rugose, blackish-brown, with whitish network of thin ridges; caruncle 0.5 mm.

Flowering and Fruiting time:December – February.

Habitat:Known only from a single locality in Al-Kaud village, Abyan governorate, at distance about 55 km east of Aden, where it grows as a weed of irrigated fields in clay soil and around cultivation at alt. 20 m a.s.l.

Phytochory: Cosmopolitan

Previous report from Yemen: None.

Specimens examined: Euphorbia

dracunculoides - Yemen, Al-Kaud village, Abyan governorate,on alt. 20 m a.s.l., 13° 05' 521'' N, 45° 21' 668'' E, 2. 2. 2011, Othman 5020.

Discussion

The Euphorbia specimens collected from Al-Kaud village, Abyan governorate, at distance about 55 km east of Aden,were first compared with the related species in flora of Yemen. Then the specimens were identified by comparison of the floras of the neighboring countries viz. Flora of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Chaudhary, 2001); Flora of the United Arab Emirates (Karim and Fawzi, 2007), and it was found that the morphological characteristics of the collected species were identical to those of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam., and thus a new record for the flora of Yemen. With this new record, the total number of recorded Euphorbia in Yemen has reached 63. This species is distributed in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Tanzania, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Spain, China and S Europe (Boulos, 2000; Chaudhary, 2001; Karim and Fawzi, 2007).

The most closely related species to E.

dracunculoides in Yemen is E.

Fig. 3. Euphorbia dracunculoides, -A: Habit, -B& C: Inflorescence branches showing cyathium with subcyathial raylet leaves and mature capsule,-D: Seed.

shimperiana. The most important diagnostic characters for both species are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison between two species of Euphorbia

References

Al-Hawshabi, O. S. S. (2014). Two new records to the flora of the Arabian Peninsula from Yemen. J. Biol. Earth Sci., Vol. 4(2): B179-B184.

Al-Khulaidi, A. A. (2013). Flora of Yemen.Sustainable Natural Resource Management Project (SNRMP) ӀӀ, Sana'a, Yemen, 266 pp.

Boulos, L. (1988). A contribution to the flora of South Yemen (PDRY).         Candollea, Vol. 43: 549-585.

Boulos, L. (2000). Flora of Egypt. Vol. 2, Al-Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt, Pp. 36-67.

Chaudhary, S. A. (2001). Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia illustrated. Vol.2 (1), National Herbarium, National Agriculture and Water Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Pp. 291-395.

Edwards S.; Tadesse M. & Hedberg I. (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Vol. 2, part 2,Published by The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Science Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia and The Department of Systematic Botany Uppsala University, Sweden, Pp. 265-378.

F A O (2009). The state of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture in Yemen(1996-2006). Second national report, FAO, 40 pp .

Ghazanfar, S. A. (2007). Flora of Oman. Vol. 2, National Botanic Garden (Belgium), Pp. 77-96.

Karim, F. M. & Fawzi, N. M. (2007). Flora of the United Arab Emirates. Vol. 2, Publications Department, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Pp. 1-28.

Kilian, N.; Hein, P. &Hubaishan, M. A. (2002).New and noteworthy recorded for the flora of Yemen, chiefly of Hadhramout and Al-Mahrah. Willdenowia, Vol. 32: 239-269.

Kilian, N.; Hein, P. &Hubaishan, M. A. (2004). Further notes on the flora of the southern coastal mountains of Yemen. Willdenowia, Vol. 34: 159-182.

Kilian, N.; Kürschner, H. & Hein, P. (2006). Euphorbia greuteri (Euphorbiaceae), a new single-spined succulent from the foothills ofJabal Urays, Abyan, Yemen. Willdenowia, Vol. 36: 441-446.

Mohamed, S. S.; Al-Hawshabi, O. S. S.; Atef, M. A. A. & Aulaqi, W.A. (2014).Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae), a new record introduced to the flora of Yemen. J. Biol. Earth Sci., Vol. 4(1): B52-B56.

Nagmoush,S. (1983). Evaluation of Soil Status in some of the Major Agricultural Areas in PDRY. pp. 101.

Thulin, M. (1993). Flora of Somalia. Vol. 1, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Pp. 267-337.

Thulin, M.; Al-Gifri, A. N.; Hussein, M. A. & Gabali, S. (2001). Additions to the Yemen flora. Biol. Skr., Vol. 54: 137-153.

Wood, J. R. I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, Pp. 179-184.

Euphorbia dracunculoidesLam. (Euphorbiaceae):

 A New Record to the Flora of Yemen

Othman Saad Saeed Al-Hawshabi

Biology Department, Faculty of Education, Aden University, Yemen

othmanhamood773@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION:

Euphorbiaceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants, with about 300 genera and 8.000 - 10.000 species widespread throughout the world, primarily in the tropical and subtropical regions (Thulin, 1993; Edwardset al., 1995). In Yemen this family is one of the six largest families represented by 17 genera and 106 species, around 30 species of them are endemic (Wood, 1997).The genus Euphorbia L. is one of the five most species-rich genera of flowering plants, with approximately 2000 species distributed world-wide in temperate and tropical zones. Sixty-two species (19 are endemic) of this genus are found in Yemen (Thulin, 1993; Wood, 1997; Kilian et al., 2006; Al-Khulaidi, 2013). This paper supplements six recent contributions by Boulos (1988) of 15 new records for flora of South Yemen from (Abyan, Aden, Lahej, Shabwa and Hadhramout), Thulin et al.,

(2001) of 50 new records for Yemen, mainly from Al-Mahrah, Kilian et al., (2002& 2004) added 130 new records of vascular plants for mainland Yemen, for the southern governorates of Yemen or larger parts of them, in particular from Hadhramout, Al-Mahrah, Abyan and Shabwa, Mohamed et al., (2014) have reported of Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston as a new record for Yemen from Tuban district, Lahej governorate and Al-Hawshabi (2014) added Allium subhirsutum L.(Alliaceae) and Justicia ladanoides Lam. (Acanthaceae), as new records for Arabian Peninsula from Toor Al Baha district, Lahej province, southwestern Yemen. The author collected some very interesting specimen belonging to the genus Euphorbia from Al-Kaud village, Abyan province, Yemen. The specimen collected was compared with the related taxa in the herbaria .

The areas of study:

The Republic of Yemen lies in the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula. It extends between latitudes 12° 40’ to 19° 00’N. and between longitudes 42° 30’ to 53° 05’E.It is bordered by Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the north, the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden in the south, Sultanate of Oman in the east, and the Red Sea in the west (Fig.1).

Fig. 1. Map of Yemen(modified afterError! Hyperlink reference not valid.), showing political map of Abyan governorate.

The climate of Yemen is generally ranging from semi-humid to semi-arid until reach to regions that have arid tropical climate. Temperatures in Yemen are changing from region to region and from season to season, also the relative humidity varies greatly in the different regions. It is ranging from 30% in the arid zones of the eastern region to above 80% in coastal areas.The average annual rainfall varies from less than 50 mm in the coastal areas to up to 1000 mm in the Southern uplands mainly around Ibb (FAO, 2009).

Republic of Yemenconsists of twenty one governorates; Abyan (the study area) is one of them. It extends between latitudes 13° 00’ to 14° 20’N. and between longitudes 45° 00’ to 47° 00’E., with an area of about 28187 sq. km. The central of Abyan governorate (Zingbar) lies south of Sana'a (the capital of Yemen) by about 427 km and east of Aden by about 60 km. Abyan governorate is bounded from the east by Shabwa governorate, from the west by Aden and Lahej governorates, from the south by the Gulf of Aden and from the north by Al-Bayda governorate and parts of Shabwa governorate (Figs. 1 & 2). 

According to Nagmoush (1983), the climate of Wadi Abyan delta, where Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. grows (Fig. 2), ranges from arid to semi-arid, the temperatures, rainfall as well as the relative humidity are variable during the different seasons of the year. The temperature is however moderate due to its proximity to the sea, and occasionally rising above 41.5 °C or falling below 7.5 °C. The humidity is high throughout the year, particularly at night and in the early morning. In the summer the relative humidity is frequently over 82%. The annual rainfall ranges from 30 mm up to 150 mm, and few showers may occur in January on the coast.

Fig. 2. Map of Abyan Delta with browsing the location of study area –Al-Kaud village, where Euphorbia dracunculoides grows (modified afterNagmoush, 1983).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The field work was carried out between December 2010 and February 2013. The identification work was finished in January 2014. The specimen upon whom this study is based was collected from Al-Kaud

village, near Zingbar. It is located in the Abyan governorate and lies on the Gulf of Aden, approximately 55 km by road east of Aden. This investigated area is shown on the maps in Figs. 1 & 2. The collected specimen was first compared with similar species from flora of Yemen and then flora of

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and flora of the United Arab Emirates in order to identify it.

The collected specimen from different parts of study area was studied and identified as Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam., using corresponding papers and flora (Boulos, 2000; Chaudhary, 2001; Karim and Fawzi, 2007).The collected specimen is deposited in the herbaria of Biology Department, faculty of Education, Aden University (Yemen). Morphological characteristics and other information like distribution, habitats and

Phytochory were studied for the new record, and comparison is also done for similar species.

Results:

Euphorbia dracunculoidesLam., Encycl. 2: 428 (1788). Fig. 3

Synonyms:E. angustifolia Buch-Ham. ex D. Don; E. dracunculoides var. africana Rikli & Schröt.; E. dracunculoides subsp.

dracunculoides; E. hamiltonii Oudejans; E.

lanceolata Spring.; Tithymalus dracunculoides (Lam.) Klotzsch & Garcke

Type:Djebel Bessam près du Kiss. Algeria, 1937 An ascending to erect, annual or short-lived perennial, 15–30 cm tall. Root terete, single, 30–40 cm × 3–8 mm. Stem sometimes branched basally, 3–7 mm thick, branches ascending, terete, glabrous in all parts. Leaves opposite on all the flowering parts, alternate on some of the lower parts of the stem and branches, sessile; stipules absent; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 1–3 cm × 2.5–4 mm, acute or obtuse, rounded in at the base, margin entire; lateral veins few, inconspicuous, at acute angle to midrib. Inflorescence an inconspicuous terminal few-rayed cyathium; primary invo-lucral leaves similar to normal leaves, primary rays ca. 3, robust and ascending, dichotomous; cyathophylls 2, similar to normal leaves. Cyathium sessile; involucre broadly campanulate, 2–3 × 3–5 mm, lobes rounded; glands 4, pale brown, crescent-shaped, apex 2-horned, horns light green. Male flowers many, not ex-serted from involucre. Female flower: ovary exserted from cup, smooth, glabrous; styles free, persistent; style arms 2-lobed. Fruiting peduncle ca. 3 mm; capsule subglobose, ca. 3.5 × 3.5 mm, smooth or obscurely reticulate, glabrous. Seeds ovoid- cylindric, ca. 2.5 × 1.5–2 mm, usually tuberculate-rugose, blackish-brown, with whitish network of thin ridges; caruncle 0.5 mm.

Flowering and Fruiting time:December – February.

Habitat:Known only from a single locality in Al-Kaud village, Abyan governorate, at distance about 55 km east of Aden, where it grows as a weed of irrigated fields in clay soil and around cultivation at alt. 20 m a.s.l.

Phytochory: Cosmopolitan

Previous report from Yemen: None.

Specimens examined: Euphorbia

dracunculoides - Yemen, Al-Kaud village, Abyan governorate,on alt. 20 m a.s.l., 13° 05' 521'' N, 45° 21' 668'' E, 2. 2. 2011, Othman 5020.

Discussion

The Euphorbia specimens collected from Al-Kaud village, Abyan governorate, at distance about 55 km east of Aden,were first compared with the related species in flora of Yemen. Then the specimens were identified by comparison of the floras of the neighboring countries viz. Flora of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Chaudhary, 2001); Flora of the United Arab Emirates (Karim and Fawzi, 2007), and it was found that the morphological characteristics of the collected species were identical to those of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam., and thus a new record for the flora of Yemen. With this new record, the total number of recorded Euphorbia in Yemen has reached 63. This species is distributed in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Tanzania, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Spain, China and S Europe (Boulos, 2000; Chaudhary, 2001; Karim and Fawzi, 2007).

The most closely related species to E.

dracunculoides in Yemen is E.

Fig. 3. Euphorbia dracunculoides, -A: Habit, -B& C: Inflorescence branches showing cyathium with subcyathial raylet leaves and mature capsule,-D: Seed.

shimperiana. The most important diagnostic characters for both species are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison between two species of Euphorbia

References

Al-Hawshabi, O. S. S. (2014). Two new records to the flora of the Arabian Peninsula from Yemen. J. Biol. Earth Sci., Vol. 4(2): B179-B184.

Al-Khulaidi, A. A. (2013). Flora of Yemen.Sustainable Natural Resource Management Project (SNRMP) ӀӀ, Sana'a, Yemen, 266 pp.

Boulos, L. (1988). A contribution to the flora of South Yemen (PDRY).         Candollea, Vol. 43: 549-585.

Boulos, L. (2000). Flora of Egypt. Vol. 2, Al-Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt, Pp. 36-67.

Chaudhary, S. A. (2001). Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia illustrated. Vol.2 (1), National Herbarium, National Agriculture and Water Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Pp. 291-395.

Edwards S.; Tadesse M. & Hedberg I. (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Vol. 2, part 2,Published by The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Science Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia and The Department of Systematic Botany Uppsala University, Sweden, Pp. 265-378.

F A O (2009). The state of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture in Yemen(1996-2006). Second national report, FAO, 40 pp .

Ghazanfar, S. A. (2007). Flora of Oman. Vol. 2, National Botanic Garden (Belgium), Pp. 77-96.

Karim, F. M. & Fawzi, N. M. (2007). Flora of the United Arab Emirates. Vol. 2, Publications Department, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Pp. 1-28.

Kilian, N.; Hein, P. &Hubaishan, M. A. (2002).New and noteworthy recorded for the flora of Yemen, chiefly of Hadhramout and Al-Mahrah. Willdenowia, Vol. 32: 239-269.

Kilian, N.; Hein, P. &Hubaishan, M. A. (2004). Further notes on the flora of the southern coastal mountains of Yemen. Willdenowia, Vol. 34: 159-182.

Kilian, N.; Kürschner, H. & Hein, P. (2006). Euphorbia greuteri (Euphorbiaceae), a new single-spined succulent from the foothills ofJabal Urays, Abyan, Yemen. Willdenowia, Vol. 36: 441-446.

Mohamed, S. S.; Al-Hawshabi, O. S. S.; Atef, M. A. A. & Aulaqi, W.A. (2014).Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae), a new record introduced to the flora of Yemen. J. Biol. Earth Sci., Vol. 4(1): B52-B56.

Nagmoush,S. (1983). Evaluation of Soil Status in some of the Major Agricultural Areas in PDRY. pp. 101.

Thulin, M. (1993). Flora of Somalia. Vol. 1, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Pp. 267-337.

Thulin, M.; Al-Gifri, A. N.; Hussein, M. A. & Gabali, S. (2001). Additions to the Yemen flora. Biol. Skr., Vol. 54: 137-153.

Wood, J. R. I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, Pp. 179-184.