مهن ووظائف أطفال العبيد الرومان في ضوء النقوش الأثرية | ||||
| مجلة الدراسات الإنسانية والأدبية | ||||
| Article 9, Volume 21, Issue 1, June 2020, Page 349-369 | ||||
| Document Type: المقالة الأصلية | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/shak.2020.148079 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| يدرس هذا البحث مهن ووظائف أطفال العبيد الرومان في نهاية العصر الجمهوري والقرنين الأول والثاني من العصر الإمبراطوري من خلال النقوش التي اقامها آباء هؤلاء الأطفال والمالکون لهم تخليدًا لذکراهم بعد وفاتهم. وکما يتضح من البحث فإنَّ النقوش الجنائزية تمثل مصدرًا مهمًّا يعرفنا بالکثير من المعلومات التي لا نقابلها في غيرها من المصادر الأخرى عن هؤلاء الأطفال، من قبيل أسمائهم وأسماء آبائهم وأسرهم أعمارهم عند الوفاة. ويشتمل البحث على جزئيْن أساسيين يعرف أولهما بالنقوش وأهميتها وما تشتمل عليه من معلومات والسياق الذي وجدت فيه، ويرکز الثاني على المهن والوظائف التي مارسها هؤلاء الأطفال. وترکز الدراسة على عشرين نقشًا جنائزيًّا يشيرون إلى ثلاثة وعشرين طفلًا کانوا يمارسون العديد من المهن والوظائف التي کان بعضها داخل منازل سادتهم ومالکيهم والبعض الآخر في مجالات عديدة من قبيل الترفيه والتسلية. وکما توضح الدراسة في الخاتمة فإنّ أطفال العبيد الرومان کانوا يبدأون حياتهم المهنية مبکرًا، کما کانت غالبيتهم من الفيرناي، عبيدًا مولودوين داخل منازل سادتهم- بالمقارنة بالعبيد الذين کان يتم بيعهم وشراؤهم، وأنَّ الأطفال ذکورًا وإناثًا کانوا يمارسون في بعض الأحيان المهن ذاتها. This paper studies the jobs and professions of children of Roman slaves towards the end of the Republican era and during the first and second centuries of the Empire in the light of the inscriptions which their fathers and owners made for them to commemorate their memory. As the paper shows those inscriptions are important sources of information which include their names, their fathers, families and their ages at death. It is divided mainly into two sections; the first, studies the importance of inscriptions, their context and the nature of their information; the second, concentrates on the jobs and professions of those children. In all we have twenty funeral inscriptions commemorating twenty three children who practiced various jobs and professions; some of these jobs and professions were inside the houses of their owners while others belonged to the field of entertainment. As is shown in the final conclusion, those children began their professional life at an early age and were mostly vernae, slaves born in the houses of their owners, compared to slaves bought and sold in the slave-market. Moreover, they were mostly engaged in the same professions regardless of gender. (Roman History, | ||||
Highlights | ||||
مقدمة أولًا: النقوش ثانيًا: المهن والوظائف أ – المهن: ب – الوظائف:
خاتمة اللوحات - قائمة المراجع | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| التاريخ الروماني; الحضارة الرومانية; العبيد الرومان; روما القديمة; المجتمع الروماني القديم | ||||
|
Supplementary Files
|
||||
| References | ||||
|
- قائمة المراجع - Bodel, John, "Slave Labour and Roman Society," in Keith Bradley and Paul Cartlege (eds.), The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Volume 1: The Ancient Mediterranean World, (Cambridge, 2011), 331-336.
- Bruce, F. F., "Some Roman Slave-Names," Theological Studies (1938), 352-366.
- Bruun, Christer and J. C. Edmondson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, (Oxford, 2015).
- Buckland, W. W., The Roman Law of Slavery: The Condition of the Slave in Private Law from Augustus to Justinian, (Cambridge, 1970).
- Chioffi, Laura, "Death and Burial," in Christer Bruun and J. C. Edmondson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, (Oxford, 2015), 628-648.
- Crowther, Nigel B., "Observations on Boys, Girls, Youths and Age Categories in Roman Sports and Spectacles," in Zinon Papakonstantinou (ed.), Sport in the Cultures of the Ancient World: New Perspectives, (New York, 2010), 195-216.
- Duff, A. M. and M. A. B. Litt, Freedmen in the Early Roman Empire, (Cambridge, 1958).
- Fagan, Garrett G., "Gifts of Gymnasia: A Test Case for Reading Technical Jargon in Latin Inscriptions," Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 124 (1999), 263-275.
- Fischer, Bernard, Jane Crawford and Monica De Simone, The Horace's Villa Project 1997-2001, (Oxford, 2006).
- Grubbs, Judith Evans, Tim Parkin and Rosalynne Bell (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Childhood and Education in the Classical World, (Oxford, 2013).
- Joshel, Sandra, Work, Identity, and Legal Status at Rome: A Study of the Occupational, (Congress, 1974).
- ----------------, Slavery in the Roman World, (Cambridge, 2019).
- Kohl, Jeanette, "Martiali Verna Dulcissimo: Children's Busts, Family and Memoria in Roman Antiquity and Renaissance," in Thierry Greub and Martin Roussel (eds.), Figurationen Des Porträts, (= Morphomata, band 35), (Leiden, 2018), 242-276.
- Laes, Christian, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity," Ancient Society, 38(2008), 235-283.
- Lake, William O. B., The History of Slavery and the Slave Trade, (Columbus: Ohio, 1969).
- McCullough, Anna, "Female Gladiators in Imperial Rome: Literary Context and Historical Fact," The Classical World, 101 (2008), 197-209.
- Peachin, Michael, The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, vol. 1, (Oxford, 2010).
- Rawson, Beryl, "Children in the Roman Familia," in Beryl Rawson (ed.), The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives, (Ithaca, 1986), 170-200.
- --------------, Children and Childhood in Roman Italy, (Oxford, 2003).
- Rodriguez, Junius P., The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, vol.I, (Oxford, 1997).
- Roller, Matthew B., Dining Posture in Ancient Rome: Bodies, Values and Status, (Princeton, 2006).
- Saller, R. P., The Roman Family: Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family, (= Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time, (Cambridge, 1994).
- Scheidel, Walter, "Roman Funerary Commemoration and the Age at First Marriage," Classical Philology, 102 (2007), 389-402.
- Sigismund-Nielsen, Hanne, "Slave and Lower Class Roman Children," in Judith Evans Grubbs, Tim Parkin and Rosalynne Bell (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Childhood and Education in the Classical World, (Oxford, 2013), 286-301.
- Thomas, Y., "Le Corps de l'exclave et son travail à Rome: Analyxe d'une dissociation juridique," in P. Moreau (ed.), Corps Romains, (Paris, 2002), 197-209.
- Venters, Laurie, Child Slaves in Roman Entertainment: An Epigraphic Enquiry, (Leiden, 2019).
| ||||
|
Statistics Article View: 186 |
||||
