MYCOLOGICAL STUDY ON SOME PROCESSED MEAT PRODUCTS EXPOSED FOR SALE IN MARKETS

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 110 July 2006

Animals Health Research Institute, Port-Said Laboratory for Food Hygiene.

MYCOLOGICAL STUDY ON SOME PROCESSED MEAT PRODUCTS EXPOSED FOR SALE

IN MARKETS (With 6 Tables)

By

AZZA A. EL-TABIY (Received at 21/6/2006)

دراسية فطرية على بعض منتجات اللحوم المصنعة المعروضة للبيع

في الأسواق

عزة علي حسين التابعی

تعتبر منتجات اللحوم من أهم وأرخص مصادر البروتين الحيواني ولما کانت منتجات اللحوم وسط مناسب لنمو وإنتشار الفطريات حيث أنها تقاوم الظروف البيئية الغير مناسبة فإن لها تأثير کبير فيما تسببه من مشاکل في منتجات اللحوم من حيث فساد المنتج أو تکون نکهات غير مرغوبة أو الإضرار بصحة المستهلک ، لذا أجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة مدى تواجد الفطريات وسمومها في بعض منتجات اللحوم المعدة للبيع بمدينة بورسعيد ، حيث تم جمع ۳۰ عينة من منتجات اللحوم بواقع ۱۰ عينات من کل من اللانشون والسجق المجمد واللحم المفروم. وقد أسفرت النتائج على أن متوسط العد الکلي للفطريات کان ۳۱۰۶۲٫4،

۲

٫

۹ ۱۰۸ و 4,۹ ۲۱۰۸ ومتوسط العد الکلى للخمائر

4,4 × ۲۱۰، ۱٫۸ ۱۰۷ و۱۰۱,4

" في کل من اللانشون والسجق المجمد واللحم المفروم على التوالى. وقد تم تصنيف الفطريات والخمائر المعزولة من منتجات اللحوم. وقد أمکن إنتاج الأفلاتوکسين من مجموعة الأسبرجلس فلافس والباراسيتکس. وقد دلت النتائج على تواجد السموم الفطرية بنسب ومقادير مختلفة ، مما يسبب خطورة على صحة المستهلک وخصوصا عند إستهلاکها لفترات طويلة، حيث أنها تسبب أمراض خطيرة من أهمها مرض السرطان عامة وسرطان الکبد خاصة

. وقد نوقشت الأهمية الصحية التواجد الفطريات وسمومها والإحتياطات اللازمة لمنع

التلوث بها وعلاقة ذلک بصحة المستهلک.

SUMMARY

A total of thirty samples of luncheon, frozen sausage and minced meat (10 of each) were collected from different groceries of different sanitation levels at Port-Said city for estimation of their mycological

10', profiles. The mean values of total mould count were 2.4 X

121

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 110 July 2006

2.9 X 102 and 4.9 X 102 CFU/g and the mean values of yeast count were 4.4 X 10, 1.8 X 102 and 1.4 X 10 CFU/g for luncheon, frozen sausage and minced meat respectively. The isolated mould genera from luncheon, frozen sausage and minced meat were belonged to genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium, Cladosporium and Mucor, while that of yeasts were Saccharomyces, Candida and Torulopsis. The isolated A. flavus, A.parasiticus were capable to produce aflatoxins. The presence of aflatoxins residues in the examined samples were also investigated. The public health significance of mycotoxins and measures to prevent contamination of meat products with mycotoxins were discussed.

Key words: Mycology, meat products, luncheon, sausage, minced meat.

INTRODUCTION

Meat products are the most palatable and fast food meal. They are considered the best alternative for the fresh meat due to their low price, easily preparation and palatability. On the other hand, meat products are an ideal medium for growth of different microorganisms, as they are rich in nutritious elements and moisture. Mould and yeast comprise a large group of microorganisms which are widely distributed in nature, they are responsible for a major portion of food deterioration in developing countries due to the contamination and suitable environmental condition predisposing their growth (Frazier and Westhoff 1988).

Fungal contamination is considered as one of the important spoilage agent of meat and meat products, and may occur during slaughtering of animals, transportation or processing of meat products through the use of contaminated equipments or other additives and spices as they considered the most important sources of mould contamination in meat products (Scott and Kennedy, 1973, Flannigan and Hui, 1976, Misra 1983 and Abdel-Rahman, 1987).

Mycotoxins occurrence and related toxic effects in humans and animals represent a major part of food safety (FAO, 1999). Aflatoxins are toxic and thermostable chemical compounds produced by toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and A.parasiticus.

The present work aimed to study fungal contamination and aflatoxin residues of some meat products marketable in Port-Said groceries, with reference to their significance for human health.

122

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 110 July 2006 MATERIALS and METHODS

A total of 30 meat products samples (luncheon, frozen sausage, and minced meat, 10 of each) were collected randomly from different groceries distributed in Port-Said city. The collected samples were transferred immediately to the laboratory and subjected to mycological investigations. Mycological analysis: 1- All samples were analyzed mycologically for enumeration of fungi on

dicloran rosebengal medium as prepared by King et al., (1979). 2- Identification of the isolated fungi was done according to Samson

et al. (1981). 3- Screening of the isolated Aspergillus for production of aflatoxins was

done according to Davis et al., (1966). 4- Detection and determination of aflatoxins residues: Aflatoxins standards were obtained from Sigma chemical company. The standards were prepared and calculated to give a concentration of 0.2 ug/ul. in meat products using thin layer chromatography method according to the technique recommended by AOAC (1990).

RESULTS

Table 1: Statistical analytical results of total mould count ( CFU/g.) of

the examined meat products samples (n= 10 of each) Meat products Positive

Mould CFU/g samples samples

No. % Min. Max. Mean

SE Luncheon

8 | 80 2X102 19X10 | 2.4 X103 5.7 X102 Frozen sausage

| 50 4 9X102 2.9 X102 6.2 X10 Minced meat 5 | 50 3X10 | 2x103 4.9 X102 9.6 X10

5

Table 2: Statistical analytical results of total yeast count (CFU/g.) of the

examined meat products samples (n=10 of each)

Positive Meat products

Yeast CFU/g samples samples

tve 1 % Min. Max. Mean | ESE Luncheon

7 70 5X102 2X104 4.4X10° 2.5X10 Frozen sausage

3 30 4X105X10 | 1.8X10' 2.9X10 Minced meat

6 60 3X1024X103 1.4X109 1.1X10

123

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 110 July 2006

Table 3: Frequency distribution of mould and yeast species recovered

from the examined meat products samples.

Luncheon Frozen sausage Minced meat Isolated moulds and yeasts

+ve %* | +ve % +ve Aspergillus flavus

3 21.4 12 28.6 1 1 12.5 Aspergillus parasiticus

7.1 / 2 28.6

12.5

Aspergillus niger

14.3 1 14.3 2 25

Penicillium spp.

28.6

12.5 Alternaria spp.

25 Fusarium spp.

7.1

1 12.5 Cladosporium spp.

2 14.3

14.3

Mucor spp.

1 17.1

14.3 Total mould isolates

100

8 1 100

Saccharomyces

62.5

75 7 70 Candida spp.

25

25 1 Torulopsis spp.

12.5 Total yeast isolates

8 100

100 110 100

* The percentage related to No. of total isolates of moulds or yeasts in each product.

14

|

100

10

2

20

Table 4: Amounts of aflatoxins (ug/L media) obtained from Aspergillus

group isolated from meat products. Aspergillus No. of Toxigenic

Average genera isolates strains

ві B2 A.flavus

3 60.

0 31.0 | 33.24 | 11.1 A.parasiticus

37.87 20.0 | 15.65 12.89

G2

Table 5: Incidence of aflatoxins in the examined meat products samples

(n=30).

B1 B2

G TG2 samples

+Ve % +Ve % +Ve % +Ve % Luncheon | 2 | 25 | 1 | 16.7 | 3 | 42.9 - Frozen sausage | 6 753 50 13 42.9 4 100 Minced meat

2 33.3

14.3 Total (30) 18 26.7 6 2017 23.

34 13.3

124

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 110 July 2006

1.8

Table 6: Statistical analytical results of aflatoxins residues (ug kg) in the

examined meat products samples. Samples

Bi B2 T G

G2 Luncheon Min

0 Max

4.3

3.5 Mean

2.88

0.4

1.6 ESE

+0.48

+0.20

+0.06 Frozen sausage Min

0 Max

12.9

9.3

2.4 Mean

6.84

3.79

4.97

2.20 +1.20

+0.54

+1.47

+0.07 Minced meat

Min Max

5.17 Mean

2.89

1.54 ISE

+2.21

+0.40 *ug/Kg =ppb

7.5

USE

0 6.1

DISCUSSION

Mould affections are considered the most important problems affecting meat and meat products as mould spores are ubiquitous and can grow at various conditions. The present results in Tables (1&2) revealed that luncheon was commonly contaminated by moulds (80%) and yeasts (70%) but frozen sausage had lower incidence (50% and 30%) whereas minced meat had 50% and 60% for moulds and yeasts respectively. The results obtained from luncheon were nearly similar to that recorded by Abdel-Rahman et al., (1984), Aziz and Youssef (1991) and Sayed et. al., (2000) and it was higher than that obtained by Aiedia (1995), El-Gazzar (1995) and Nouman et. al., (2001a). The results of minced meat were in agreement with that obtained by Leistner and Ayers (1976), Jay (1978), and slightly lower than that obtained by Abdel-Rahman and EL-Khateib (1989) and Abdel-Rahman et. al., (1984). The higher incidence of moulds in luncheon samples could be attributed to the use of different untreated food additives and spices which may be the main source of mould contamination in meat products (El-Khateib et. al., 1987 and Hadlok 1969). Meanwhile, the results in frozen sausage were lower than that obtained by Nouman et al., (2001 b) and Shaltout (1996).

125

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 110 July 2006

It is obvious from the results recorded in Tables (1&2) that the mean values of total mould count/g were 2.4 X 10', 2.9 X 102 and 4.9 X 102 while the averages total yeast count/g were 4.4 X 109, 1.8 X 102 and 1.4 X 109 for luncheon, frozen sausage and minced meat respectively. The variation in quantitative estimation of mould counts might be attributed to improper sanitation during slaughter, preparation, manufacturing, additives specially using spices of low quality or during transportation, storage and marketing of the products (Abobaker, 1986, Refai et al. 1990, Roushdy et al. 1996). Although the total mould count of any food article is not indicative of its safety for consumption yet it is of supreme importance in judging the hygienic condition under which it has been produced handled and stored (Martin and Lowery, 1992).

Table (3) illustrated the frequency distribution of mould and yeast genera isolated from the examined meat products. The predominant mould species recovered from luncheon were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, and A. parasiticus with percentage of 21.4, 14.3 and 7.1% respectively followed by Penicillium species (28.7%), Cladosporium (14.3%), Fusarium and Mucor (7.1% for each). While the most common species isolated from sausage were A. flavus and A.parasiticus (28.6% for each). A. niger and Alternaria were the most isolated species from minced meat samples. The results of mould identification declared that the most predominant mould genera in meat products samples were Aspergillus and Penicillium, nearly similar results were obtained by Wu et al., (1974), Abdel-Rahman et al., (1984), Beuchat (1987), Lotfi et al., (1987) and Aideia (2005).

Regarding the frequency distribution of yeast genera, the results tabulated in Table (3) revealed that Saccharomyces were recovered at rate of 62.5, 75 and 70% from luncheon, frozen sausage and minced meat respectively. Torulopsis was recovered from luncheon and minced meat at rate of 12.5 and 20%, respectively. Hessel-Schmal-Fuss, (1976), Jay, (1978) and Abdel-Rahman et al., (1984) isolated the aforesaid yeast genera from minced meat and luncheon.

Table (4) revealed that A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolated from the examined samples were capable of production of aflatoxins in high levels. Nearly similar results were reported by Biomy (1993) and Shabana (1995). Therefore, the presence of mycotoxins in this samples were expected.

The results recorded in Tables (5&6) showed the incidence and the mean values of aflatoxins residues among 30 meat product samples. Aflatoxin B1 (AFBI) was the major contaminant with an overall

126

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 110 July 2006

incidence of 26.7% (8 out of 30 samples). The mean values of AFB were 2.88+0.48 and 6.84–1.20 ug/kg for luncheon and frozen sausage respectively. The incidence and mean value of AFB2 were lower than AFBi, where 6 samples (20%) had AFB2 with mean values of 0.4+0.20, 3.79+0.54 and 2.89 +2.21. AFG1 was found in 7 samples (23.3%) with mean values of 1.6 +0.06, 4.97+1.47 and 1.54+0.40 ug/kg luncheon, frozen sausage and minced meat respectively while AFG2 was found in frozen sausage only with a mean value of 2.20+0.07 ug/kg. The variations in results may be due to the fact that the level of contamination with aflatoxins in feed stuffs is an important factor influencing tissue aflatoxin level (Cespedes and Diaz, 1997, Bintvihok et al., 2002). In toxicity and carcinogenicity aflatoxin B1 demonstrate greater activity than G1, aflatoxins B2 and G2 are many times less toxic (Van rensburg, et al., 1985). The low levels of aflatoxins in luncheon may be attributed to the addition of curing ingredients specially sodium nitrite which tend to reduce aflatoxin production (Bullerman et al., 1969) while Martin and Lowery (1982) recorded that the casing of meat products prevent aflatoxins production. The higher incidence of toxin residues in sausage was attributed to the use of garlic which was found to stimulate toxin production (Bullarman et. al., 1969).

The present results showed that the aflatoxins extracted from luncheon, frozen sausage and minced meat were lower than the permissible limits (20 ug/kg) ,which was recommended by FDA (2002) for aflatoxins in human foods. In spite of these results the aflatoxins residues is still very dangerous due to the repeated exposure of consumers to low concentration of the toxins results in over toxicosis (Stephan and Charles 1985). Exposure to mycotoxins can produce both acute and chronic toxicities ranging from death to deleterious effects upon the central nervous, cardiovascular and pulmonary systems and upon the alimentary tract. Mycotoxins may also be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive. Also mycotoxins have the ability to reduce the resistance to infectious disease, is now widely considered to be the most important effect of mycotoxins particularly in developing countries (FAO 2001).

The occurrence of moulds and mycotoxins can be alleviated by the variety of prevention measures along the entire food chain would be to prevent its formation in crop production and/or during storage of feed stuffs (Meier et. al., 2000, Obst et al., 2000). The animal feed stuffs must be checked periodically for the presence of mycotoxins. Also meat

127

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 110 July 2006

and meat products should be stored in suitable freezing chambers at - 18°C.

REFERENCES

Abdel-Rahman, H.A. (1987): Mycological studies on some selected

spices with special references to aflatoxin producing

Aspergillus flavus species. Assiut Vet. Med. J. 19(37): 93-100. Abdel-Rahman, H.A. and El-Khateib, T. (1989): Mould and yeast hazard

in frozen ground beef. Assiut Vet. Med. J., 21(41): 123-129. Abdel-Rahman, H.A.; Youssef, H. and Hefnawy, Y. (1984): Mycological

quality of meat products in Egypt. Assiut Vet. Med. J., 14 (27):

131-134. Abobaker, M. (1986): Estimation of mould and yeasts in imported frozen

meat and chicken. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med. Alex. Univ. Aiedia, A.M. (1995): Quality investigation into room kept traditional

meat products in Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis in hygiene and control of

meat Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo University. Aideia, A.M. (2005): Aflatoxins residues in chicken parts. J. Egypt. Soc.

Toxicol., Special Issue, Suppl. To Vol. 32, 2005. Proceedings

of the 20th Scientific Conference. AOAC (1990): Official Methods of Analysis, Natural Poisons. 15th ed.

Helrich, Virginia. USA. Association of Official Analytical

Chemists. Aziz, N.H. and Youssef, Y.A. (1991): Occurrence of aflatoxins producing

moulds in fresh and processed meat in Egypt. Food Additives

and Contaminants, 8 (3): 321-331. Beuchat, L.R. (1987): Food and Beverage Mycology. 2nd Ed. An Avi

Book, published by Van Nostrand, New York. Bintvihok, A., Thiengnin, S.; Doi, K. and Kumagai, A.I.S. (2002):

Residues of aflatoxin in the liver, muscle and eggs of domestic

fowls. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 64 (11): 1037. Biomy, M.M.M. (1993): Mycological contamination of fresh meat in

shops and markets. M.V.Sc. Thesis. Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo

Univ. Bullerman, L.B.; Hartman, P.A. and Ayrest, J.C. (1969): Aflatoxin

production in meat. II- Aged dry salami and aged country crade hams. J. App. Micrbiol. 18 (15): 718-722.

128

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 110 July 2006

Cespedes, A.E. and Diaz, G.J. (1997): Analysis of aflatoxins in poultry

and pig feeds and feedstuffs used in colombia. J. ADAC

International 80(6): 1215. Davis, N.D.; Diener, U.L. and Eldridge, D.W. (1966): Production of

aflatoxins Bi, and Gi by Asp. flavus in semi synthetic medium.

Appl. Microbiol., 64 (1): 72. EL-Gazzar, M.M. (1995): Mycological studies on some meat products.

Ph. D. Thesis Fac. Vet. Med. Zagazig univ. Egypt. EL-Khateib, T.; Schmidt, U. and Leistner, L. (1987): Microbiological

stability of Turkish bastirma. Fleischwirtschaft, 67 (1): 101

105. FAO (1999): Preventing mycotoxin contamination. In Food Nutrition

and Agriculture No.23. Rome: Food Nutrition Division, FAO. FAO (2001): Manual on the application of the HACCP system in

mycotoxins prevention and control. FAO/IAEA training and

reference center for food and pesticide control. Rome P.1-25. FDA (2002): Naturally occurring toxin in food. Purdue Univ. West

Lafayctte, Indiana, USA Flannigan, B. and Hui, S. (1976): The occurrence of aflatoxin producing

strain of Aspergillus flavus in the mould flora of ground spices.

J. Food Bacteriol., 41:411 - 418. Frazier, W.C. and Westhoff, D.C. (1988): Food Microbiology. 3rd Ed.,

Mc Graw-Hill Book, New York. Hadlok, R. (1969): Mould contamination of meat products due to spices

in their natural state. Die Fleischwirtschaft, 49 (2): 1601-1609. Hessel-Schmal Fuss, I. (1976): Isolierung und Differenzieung von Hefen

aus Fleischerzeugnissen und Feinkostsalaten. Diss. Giessen,

BRD. Jay, M.J. (1978): Modern Food Microbiology. 2nd Ed. D. Van Norstrand

Co. King, D.D.; Hocking, A.D. and Pitt, J.I. (1979): Dicholoran rose Bengal

medium for enumeration and isolation of molds from foods.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology 37:959. Leistner, L. and Ayres, D.C. (1976): Schimmelpilze und Fleischwaren.

Fleischw irtschaft 47: 1320-1326. Lotfi, A.; Abdel-Rahman, H.; Hefnawi, Y. and Youssef, H. (1987):

Studies on the mycological status of sausages in upper Egypt. Fleischwirtschaft, 63 (4): 595–596.

129

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 110 July 2006

Martin, S. and Lowery, B. (1982): The influence of environmental

conditions on the mould growth and toxin production.

Tierenahrung, 11:21-37. Martin, S. and Lowery, B. (1992): The influence of environmental

conditions on the mould growth and toxin Mykotikosen. Eink

Kuse Einführung., Tierenahrung 11:22-38. Meier, A.; Birzele, B.; Oerke, E.C. and Dehne, H.W. (2000): Impact of

growth conditions on the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and the

mycotoxins content of wheat. Mycotoxin Research 16 A/ 1: 12. Misra, N. (1983): New records of fungi from the bark of cinnamon in

storage. Science and Culture, 49 (5): 133-135. Nouman, T.; Darwish, A.; Zinab Niazi and Hoda Aiedia (2001 a): The

tradional Egyptian luncheon. Quality attributes of market

product. Vet. Med. J. Giza, 49 (2): 199-210. Nouman, T.; Darwish, A.; Zinab Niazi and Hoda Aiedia (2001 b): The

traditional Egyptian Basterma. Quality attributes of market

product. Vet. Med. J. Giza, 49 (2): 225-235. Obst, A.; Lebschy, J.; Beck, R.; Bauer, G. and Bechtel, A. (2000): The

risk of toxins by Fusarium graminearum in wheat and

agronomic factors. Mycotoxin Research 16 A/1:16. Refai, M.; Mansour, N.; Naggar, A. and Abdel Aziz, A. (1990): Fungal

flora in Egyptian modern abattoirs. Vet. Med. J. 38: 588. Roushdy, S.; Ibrahim, A.; Al-Danaf, N.; Hammad, H. and Moustafa, R.

(1996): Mycotoxins residues in meat products. Vet. Med. J.

Giza, 44 (2): 181-187. Samson, R.A.; Holkstia, E.S. and Van Oarschot, C.A.N. (1981):

Introduction to food fungi. Centraa Ibureau Voor Schimmel

Cultures, Barn. Netherland. Sayed, A.M.; Mahmoud, A.L. and Abd-EL-Allaa, A.A. (2000): Mycoflora

and natural occurrence of mycotoxins in livers of imported bulls and poultry and some meat products. Assiut. Vet. Med. J.

43(86):188-199. Scott, P.M. and Kennedy, B.P. (1973): Analysis and survey of ground

black, white, and red peppers for aflatoxins. J.A.0.A.C.,56 (6):

1452. Shabana, E.S.E. (1995): Mycological aspects of sheep carcass surfaces.

M. V. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med. Zagazig Univ. Shaltout, F.A.M. (1996): Mycological and mycotoxicologicaly profile of

some meat products. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med. Zagazig Univ., Banha. branch., Egypt.

130

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 110 July 2006

Stephen, G. and Charles, W.G. (1985): Some mould associated with

meat in cold storage. Proc. Acad.Sci., 44(1): 37-43. Van Rensburg, S.J.; Cook-Mozaffari, P.; Van Schalkeuryk, D.J.; Van

Der Wall, J.J.; Vincent, T.J. and Purchase, I.F. (1985): Hepatocellular carcinoma and dietary aflatoxin in Mozambique

and transkei. Br. J. Cancer 51: 713. Wu, M.T.; Ayres, J.C. and Koehler, P.E. (1974): Toxigenic Aspergilli

and Penicilli isolated from cured meats. Appl. Microbiol., 28:1094- 1096.

 

Article View: 556

PDF Download: 346